SEMESTER 4
ELECTIVE COURSES
( Any 3 courses to be opted from the following courses )
AN4E01 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Credit: 4 Contact Lecture Hours: 90
Unit 1: Risks and Hazards of Chemicals and Procedures (9 Hrs)
Hazards of handling ordinary, corrosive and poisonous chemicals.
Fire hazards. Handling Carcinogens. Toxicology of Cd, Pb, Hg, As, Se, Pu, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur, benzene, halogenated hydrocarbons, aromatic amino compounds, benzopyrene and related compounds. Treatment of hazardous waste and their disposal.
Radiochemical wastes-technique of safe disposal of radiochemical wastes.
Unit 2: Errors in Chemical Analysis (18 Hrs)
Systematic and random errors. Distribution of experimental results. Statistical treatment- standard deviation, variance, confidence limits, application of statistics to data treatment and evaluation, student-t and f tests, detection of gross errors, rejection of a result-Q test, estimation of detection limits.
Least square method, correlation coefficient and its determination.
Hypothesis testing using statistical analysis.
Using spread sheets for plotting calibration curves. Quality assurance and control charts.
Unit 3: Conventional Analytical Procedures (27 Hrs)
Gravimetry: solubility product and properties of precipitates-nucleation, growth and aging, co-precipitation and post precipitation, drying and ignition.
Inorganic precipitating agents: NH3, H2S, H2SO4, H2PtCl6, H2C2O2, (NH4)2MoO4 and NH4SCN.
Organic precipitating agents: oxine, cupron, cupferron, 1-nitroso-l-naphthol, BPHA, dithiocarbamates, sodium tetraphenyl boron, nioxime and nitron.
Acid-Base, redox and precipitation titrations: theory of neutralisation titrations, indicators for acid/base titrations, titration curves of strong acid, strong base, weak acid, weak base and polyprotic acids. Buffer solutions. Titrations in non-aqueous media. Different solvents and their selection for a titration. Indicators for non-aqueous titrations. Applications.
Variation of potential during a redox titration, formal potential during a redox titration, requirements and detection of the end point in redox titrations, typical titrants like KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, Ce(IV), Mn(III), I-, Cl-, S2O32-.
Precipitation reactions-titration curves, determination of end points(colored precipitates, colored soluble compounds), adsorption indicators, turbidity methods. Typical examples.
Complexometric titrations: titration curves, types of EDTA titrations (direct, back, replacement, alkalimetric and exchange reactions), masking and demasking agents, selective demasking, metal ion indicators, theory of visual use of metal indicators, typical examples of titrants – murexide, eriochrome black T, Patton and Reeder’s indicators, calcon, calmagite, calcichrome bromopyrogallol red, xylenol orange, thymolthalein coplexone, zincon, variamine blue.
Unit 4: Sampling (18 hrs)
The basis and procedure of sampling, sampling statistics, sampling and the physical state, crushing and grinding, the gross sampling, size of the gross sample, sampling liquids, gas and solids(metals and alloys), preparation of a laboratory sample, moisture in samples-essential and non-essential water, absorbed and occluded water, determination of water(direct and indirect methods).
Decomposition and dissolution, source of error, reagents for decomposition and dissolution like HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, HClO4, HF, microwave decompositions, combustion methods, use of fluxes like Na2CO3, Na2O2, KNO3, NaOH. K2S2O7, B2O3 and lithium metaborate. Elimination of interference from samples-separation by precipitation, electrolytic precipitation, extraction and ion exchange. Distribution ratio and completeness of multiple extractions. Types of extraction procedures.
Unit 5: Applied Analysis (9 hrs)
Analytical procedures involved in environmental monitoring. Water quality-BOD, COD, DO, nitrite, nitrate, iron, fluoride.
Soil- moisture, salinity, colloids, cation and anion exchange capacity.
Air pollution monitoring sampling, collection of air pollutants-SO2, NO2, NH3, O3 and SPM.
Analysis of metals, alloys and minerals. Analysis of brass and steel. Analysis of limestone. Corrosion analysis.
Unit 6: Analysis of Nano Materials (9 hrs)
Introduction to nanochemistry: synthesis, characterization and applications of nano materials.
References
J.M. Mermet, M. Otto, R. Kellner, Analytical chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 2004.
D.A. Skoog, D.M. West, F.J. Holler, S.R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th Edn., Saunders College Pub., 2007.
J.H. Kennedy, Analytical Chemistry: Principles, Saunders College Pub., 1990.
J.G. Dick, Analytical Chemistry, R.E. Krieger Pub.,1978.
05. G.H.Jeffery,J.Bassett,J.Mendham,R.C.Denney,Vogel’sTextBookof
Quantitative Chemical Analysis , 5th Edn., John Wiley& sons,1989.
S.E. Manahan, Environmental chemistry, 9th Edn., CRC Press, 2010.
C.L. Wilson, D.W. Wilson, Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Elsevier, 1982.
G.D. Christian, J.E. O’Reilly, Instrumental Analysis, Allyn & Bacon, 1986.
R.A. Day, A.L. Underwood, Quantitative Analysis, 6th Edn., Prentice Hall, 1991.
A.I. Vogel, A Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman,1974.
D.C. Harris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 7th Edn., W.H. Freeman&Co., 2011.
T. Pradeep, Nano: the Essentials, Tata McGraw Hill, 2007.
K.W. Kolasinski, Surface Science: Foundations of Catalysis and Nanoscience, 2nd Edn., Wiley, 2009.
F.W. Fifield, D. Kealey, Principles and Practice of Analytical Chemistry, Blackwell Science, 2000.
W. Horwitz (Editor), Official Method of Analysis of AOAC International, 18th Edn., AOAC, 2010
British Pharmacopeia, TSO, 2012.
AN4E02 INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Credit: 4 Contact Lecture Hours: 90
Unit 1: Introduction to Instrumental Methods (18 Hrs)
Electrical and nonelectrical data domains-transducers and sensors, detectors, examples for piezoelectric, pyroelectric, photoelectric, pneumatic and thermal transducers. Criteria for selecting instrumental methods – precision, sensitivity, selectivity, and detection limits.
Signals and noise: sources of noise, S/N ratio, methods of enhancing S/N ratio– hardware and software methods.
Electronics: transistors, FET, MOSFET, ICs, OPAMs. Application of OPAM in amplification and measurement of transducer signals.
Unit 2: Molecular Spectral Measurements (18 Hrs)
UV-Vis spectroscopic instrumentation: types of optical instruments, components of optical instruments-sources, monochromators, detectors. Sample preparations. Instrumental noises. Applications in qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Molecular fluorescence and fluorometers: photoluminiscence and concentration-electron transition in photoluminescence, factors affecting fluorescence, instrumentation details. Fluorometric standards and reagents. Introduction to photoacoustic spectroscopy.
IR spectrometry: instrumentation designs-various types of sources, monochromators, sample cell considerations, different methods of sample preparations, detectors of IR-NDIR instruments. FTIR instruments. MidIR absorption spectrometry. Determination of path length. Application in qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Raman Spectrometric Instrumentation: sources, sample illumination systems. Application of Raman spectroscopy in inorganic, organic, biological and quantitative analysis.
NMR spectrometry-magnets, shim coils, sample spinning, sample probes (1H, 13C, 31P). Principle of MRI.
Unit 3: Atomic Spectral Measurements (27 Hrs)
Atomic emission and atomic absorption phenomena: comparison of relative merits and drawbacks. Instrumentation details of AAS. Atomisation methods-flame, electrothermal and plasma techniques, glow discharge and laser ablation, sources: HCl, EDL-TGL, wavelength choice detectors, use in qualitative and quantitative analysis, interferences in measurements-chemical, spectral, and instrumental background correction techniques. Atomic emission spectroscopy-flame, arc, spark, plasma emissions (ICP and DCP), details of wave selection-
detection systems, applications.
Atomic X-ray spectrometry: emission of X-ray, absorption process, fluorescence, instrumentation: X-ray tube, radio isotope filters and
monochromators, X-ray detectorsand transducers, photon counting, gas filled
transducers, Geiger tube, counters, signal processors. Application in quantitative
and qualitative analysis. Diffraction methods.
Unit 4: Mass Spectrometry (9 Hrs)
Ion sources – EI, CI, FI, MALDI, Electrospray and FAB, Instrumental components – mass analyzers, magnetic sector, double focussing, quadrupole, TOF, Ion trap, FT instruments. Applications in identification of pure compounds, molecular formula, compound identification from comparison spectra, analysis of mixtures by hyphenated methods, quantitative applications. Application of MS with GC, HPLC.
Unit 5: Surface Study Techniques – Instrumentation and Applications (9 Hrs)
Spectroscopic methods: ISS, SIMS, ESCA, AES, AAS.
Microscopic methods: SEM, STM, AFM.
Unit 6: Research Methodology of Chemistry (9 Hrs)
The search of knowledge, purpose of research, scientific methods, role of theory, characteristics of research.
Types of research: fundamental research, applied research, historical and experimental research.
Chemical literature: primary, secondary and tertiary sources of literature. Classical and comprehensive reference. Literature databases: ScienceDirect, SciFinder. Chemical Abstract.
Scientific writing: research reports, thesis, journal articles, books. Types of publications: articles, communications, reviews.
Important scientific and chemistry journals. Impact factor.
References
D.A. Skoog, D.M. West, F.J. Holler, S.R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th Edn., Saunders College Pub., 2007.
02. H.H.Willard,L.L.Merritt,J.A.Dean,InstrumentalMethodsofAnalysis,
5th Edn., Van Nostrand, 1974.
G.D. Christian, J.E. O’Reilly, Instrumental Analysis, Allyn&Bacon, 1986.
W.W. Wendladt, Thermal Methods of Analysis, Interscience, 1964.
T. Hatakeyama, F.X. Quinn , Thermal Analysis, John Wiley&Sons, 1999.
H.F. Ebel, C. Bliefert and W.E. Russey, The Art of Scientific Writing, Wiley-VCH, 2004.
F.A. Settle, Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry, Prentice Hall PTR, 1997.
R. Wiesendanger, Scanning Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Cambridge University Press, 1994.
R.L. Dominoswki, Research Methods, Prentice Hall, 1981.
W.Best, J.V. Kahn, Research in Education, 10th Edn., Pearson/Allyn&Bacon, 2006.
B.E. Cain, The Basis of Technical Communication, ACS, 1988.
AN4E03 MODERN ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND GREEN CHEMISTRY
Credit: 4 Contact Lecture Hours: 90
Unit 1: Electro Analytical Methods (27 Hrs)
Potentiometry: techniques based on potential measurements, direct potentiometric systems, different types of indicator electrodes, limitations of glass electrode, applications in pH measurements, modern modifications, other types of ion selective electrodes, solid, liquid, gas sensing and specific types of electrodes, biomembrane, biological and biocatalytic electrodes as biosensors, importance of selectivity coefficients. Chemfets-importance of specially designed amplifier systems for ion selective electrode systems. Potentiometric titrations-types and applications.
Polarography and voltametric techniques: micro electrode and their specialities, potential and current variations at the micro electrode systems, conventional techniques for concentration determination, limitations of detection at lower concentrations, techniques of improving detection limit-rapid scan, ac, pulse, differential pulse square wave polarographic techniques. Applications of polarography.
Amperometry: biamperometry, amperometric titrations. Coulometry-primary and secondary coulometry, advantages of coulometric titrations, applications. Principle of chronopotentiometry. Anodic stripping voltammetry-different types of electrodes and improvements of lower detection limits. Voltammetric sensors. Organic polarography.
Unit 2: Capillary Electrophoresis and Capillary Electro Chromatography (9 Hrs)
Capillary electrophoresis-migration rates and plate heights, instrumentation, sample introduction, detection methods, applications. Capillary gel electrophoresis. Capillary isotachophoresis. Isoelectric focusing.
Capillary electro chromatography-packed columns. Micellar electro kinetic chromatography.
Unit 3: Thermal and Radiochemical Methods (9 Hrs)
Thermogravimetry(TG), Differential Thermal Analysis(DTA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC) and their instrumentation. Thermometric Titrations.
Measurement of alpha, beta, and gamma radiations, neutron activation analysis and its applications. Principle and applications of isotope dilution methods.
Unit 4: Chromatography (27 Hrs)
Classification, migration rates of solutes, important relationships Gas chromatography, GSC and GLC Instrumentation-preparation of column and column materials, temperature, effects, different types of detectors, capillary columns-bonded and cross linked phases, chiral stationary phases, selectivity factors, applications.
4.2 LiquidChromatography: column efficiency, band broadening and the factors
affectingit,particlesize.HPLC-itsinstrumentationpumps,sampleinjection,
columns, solvent selection and detectors. Partition chromatography-bonded phase.
4.3 Ionexchange chromatography-ionexchangeequilibria,packings,detectors,
applications.
Size Exclusion Chromatography- columns and limits of permeation and exclusion, applications.
Planar Chromatography-methodology, materials for stationary phases, applications. Paper chromatography.
Supercritical fluid chromatography: properties of supercritical fluids, operating variables in instrumentation, stationary and mobile phases, comparison with the techniques, applications, supercritical fluid extraction, advantages, applications.
Unit 5: Process Instrumentation (9 Hrs)
Automatic and automated systems, flow injection systems, special requirements of process instruments, sampling problems, typical examples of C, H and N analysers.
Unit 6: Green Chemistry (9 Hrs)
Principles of green chemistry, atom economy, principles of green organic synthesis, green alternatives of organic synthesis-coenzyme catalysed reactions, green alternatives of molecular rearrangements, electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions, clay catalysed synthesis, condensation reactions. Green photochemical reactions.
Green Solvents: ionic liquids, supercritical CO2, fluorous chemistry.
General principles of microwave assisted organic synthesis.
References
J.M. Mermet, M. Otto, R. Kellner, Analytical Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 2004.
D.A. Skoog, D.M. West, F.J. Holler, S.R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th Edn., Saunders College Pub., 2007.
J.G. Dick, Analytical Chemistry, R.E. Krieger Pub.,1978.
J.H. Kennedy, Analytical Chemistry: Principles, Saunders College Pub., 1990.
05. G.H.Jeffery,J.Bassett,J.Mendham,R.C.Denney,Vogel’sTextBookof
Quantitative Chemical Analysis , 5th Edn., John Wiley& sons,1989.
S.E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 9th Edn., CRC Press, 2010.
C.L. Wilson, D.W. Wilson, Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Elsevier, 1982.
G.D. Christian, J.E. O’Reilly, Instrumental Analysis, Allyn & Bacon, 1986.
R.A. Day, A.L. Underwood, Quantitative Analysis, Prentice Hall, 1967.
A.I. Vogel, A Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman,1974.
H.A. Laitinen, W.E. Harris, Chemical Analysis, McGraw Hill,1975.
V.K. Ahluwalia, Green Chemistry: Environmentally Benign Reactions, CRC, 2008.
F.W. Fifield, D. Kealey, Principles and Practice of Analytical Chemistry, Blackwell Science, 2000.
W. Horwitz (Editor), Official Method of Analysis of AOAC International, 18th Edn., AOAC, 2010
British Pharmacopeia, TSO, 2012.
AN4E04 APPLIED ANALYSIS AND AQUATIC RESOURCES
Credit: 4 Contact Lecture Hours: 90
Unit 1:Environmental Analysis (18 Hrs)
Water Analysis: sampling and preservation of water. Determination of pH, EC,TDS, DO, CO2, akalinity (carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide and total), salinity, chloride, fluoride, sulphate, H2S, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron (total ferrous and ferric), ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphorous (total inorganic and organic), BOD, COD, phenols, surfactants, pesticides, E-Coli and total bacteria. Quality of water, standards of raw and treated water, objectives of waste water treatment. A brief idea of sedimentation, coagulation and flocculation, filtration, disinfection of water. Activated sludge process, trickling filters, sludge treatment and disposal. Softening of water, corrosion and its control. Removal of toxic compounds, refractory organics, and dissolved inorganic substances. Reverse osmosis.
Air Analysis: atmospheric pollution, classification of air pollutants, sources of air pollution and methods of control, sampling of aerosols, sampling of gaseous pollutants, analysis of SOx, NOx, CO-CO2, hydrocarbons, particulates, effects of air pollutants on animals, ozone layer, chlorofluorocarbons, acid rain, greenhouse effect.
Soil/Sediment analysis: a brief idea of chemistry of soil. Trace element analysis in soil – B, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn, Pb. Pesticides and pollution, classification and degradation of pesticides, methods of pesticides analysis. Sampling of soil, aquatic sediments, pH, electrical conductivity, redox potential, alkalinity, inorganic and organic contents.
Waste Management: waste management approaches – waste reduction, recycling, disposal. Management of hazardous wastes, household waste, municipal and industrial wastes-collection, transportation and disposal options.
Unit 2: Biochemical and Clinical Analysis (9 hrs)
Cell fractionation techniques-cell lysine: differential and density gradient centrifugation, salting in, salting out, dialysis, ultracentrifugation, electrophoretic techniques-polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE, agrose gel electrophoresis.
Liver function tests, gastric function tests, kidney function tests and glucose tolerance tests. Screening of metabolic diseases.
Unit 3: Forensic Analysis (18 Hrs)
Forensics-basic principles and significance, history and development. Crime-definition, crime scene, protection and recording of crime scene, physical clues, processing of crime scene.
Finger prints: classification, conventional methods of development of finger prints-fluorescent and chemical methods. Application of laser and other radiations to development of latent finger print. Foot prints, tyre marks, bite marks and lip prints.
Questioned Document Examination (QDE): forged documents and currency notes. UV counterfeit note detector.
Forensic Ballistics-fire arms, classification and characteristics, analysis of gun-shot residues, mechanism of GSR, instrumental methods of GSR analysis.
Explosives: introduction, types, preliminary screening at crime scene, presumptive test (colour and spot test), micro chemical methods of analysis.
Fire Extinguishers and its chemistry, analysis of Arson exhibits by instrumental methods, management of flammable and combustible materials.
Counterfeit coins-AAS analysis, purity of Gold-analysis by XRF / EDXRF.
Forensic Toxicology: classification of poisons, estimation of poisons and drugs with chromatographic, neutron activation analysis and spectrophotometric methods.
Unit4: Food Chemistry and Food Analysis (36 Hrs)
Food chemistry: definition and importance. Water in food, water activity and shelf life of food. Carbohydrates-chemical reactions, functional properties of sugars and polysaccharides in foods. Lipids: classification and use of lipids in foods, physical and chemical properties, effects of processing on functional properties and nutritive value. Protein and amino acids-physical and chemical properties, distribution, amount and functions of proteins in foods, functional properties, effect of processing-loss of vitamins and minerals due to processing. Pigments in food, food flavours, browning reaction in foods. Enzymes in foods and food industry, bio-deterioration of foods, food contaminants, additives and toxicants.
Principles of food processing: scope and importance of food processing. Principles and methods of food preservation-freezing, heating, dehydration, canning, addition of additives, fermentation, irradiation, extrusion cooking, hydrostatic pressure cooking, dielectric heating, microwave processing, aseptic processing, hurdle technology, membrane technology. Storage of food-modified atmosphere packaging, refrigeration, freezing and drying of food, minimal processing, radiation processing.
Food microbiology: history of microbiology of food, microbial growth pattern, physical and chemical factors influencing destruction of micro-organisms. Types of micro-organisms normally associated with food-mold, yeast and bacteria.
Micro-organisms in natural food products and their control. Contaminants of food-stuffs, vegetables, cereals, pulses, oil seeds, milk and meat during handling and processing. Biochemical changes caused by micro-organisms, deterioration of various types of food product. Food poisoning and microbial toxins, microbial food fermentation, standards for different foods. Food borne intoxicants and mycotoxins.
Advanced techniques of food analysis: role of analysis and various methods of sampling and analysis of results. Principles and application of flame photometry, atomic absorption, X-ray analysis, electrophoresis, mass spectroscopy, NMR, chromatography, refractometry, rheology, measurements, enzymatic methods, DSC, SEM, rapid methods of microbial analysis, immunoassays, ESR.
Unit 5: Aquatic Resources (9Hrs)
Aquatic resources: renewable and non-renewable resources-estimation, primary productivity, regional variations. Desalination: principles and applications of desalination-distillation, solar evaporation, freezing, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, ion-exchange and hydrate formation methods. Relative advantages and limitations of the methods. Scale formation and its prevention in distillation process.
Non-renewable resources: inorganic chemicals from the sea-extraction and recovery of halides, magnesium, potassium, gold.
References
B.B. Nanda, R.K. Tewari, Forensic Science in India: A Vision for the Twenty-first Century, Select Pub., 2001.
A.S. Osborn, Questioned Documents, 2nd Edn., Rawman & Littlefield Pub., 1974.
M.K. Mehta, Identification of Thumb Impression and Cross Examination of Finger Print Experts, N.M. Tripathi Pub., 1963.
M. Johari, Identification of Firearms, Ammunition and Firearm Injuries, BPR&D, 1980.
J.D. DeHaan, Kirk’s Fire Investigation, 5th Edn., Prentice Hall, 2002.
M. Prakash, C.K. Arora, Methods in Toxicology, Anmol Pub., 1998.
P. Fellows, Food Processing Technology: Principles andPractice, CRC Press, 2000.
P. Jelen, Introduction to Food Processing, Prentice Hall, 1995.
P.M. Davidson, J.N. Sofos, A.L. Branen, Antimicrobials in Foods, 3rd Edn., CRC Press, 2005.
J.M. Jay, Modern Food Microbiology, Springer, 1995.
G.G. Birch, M. Spencer, A.G. Cameron, Food Science, 3rd Edn., Pergamon Press, 1986.
J. A. Nathanson, Basic Environmental Technology, 5th Edn., Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.
13. C.W. Jefford, K.L. Rinehart, L.S. Shield, PharmaceuticalsandtheSea,Technomic
Pub., 1988.
E.D. Howe, Fundamentals of Water Desalination, M.Dekker, 1974.
H-G. Heitmann, Saline Water Processing, VCH, 1990.
G. M. Masters, W. Ela, Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, 3rd Edn., Prentice Hall,1998.
C.S. Rao, Environmental Pollution Control Engineering, New Age International, 1995.
Metcalf, Eddy, Waste Water Engineering, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003.
H. Wright, A Hand book of Soil Analysis, Logos Press, 1994.
T.G. Spiro, K. Purvis-Roberts, W.M. Stigliani, Chemistry of the Environment, University Science Books, 2011.
N.P. Cheremisinoff, Biotechnology for Waste and Wastewater Treatment, William Andrew, 1996.
SEMESTERS 3 AND 4
AN4P04 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL-2
Credit: 3 Contact Lab Hours: 54+54 =108
PART I
Estimation of simple binary mixtures (like Cu-Ni, Cu-Zn, Fe-Cr, Fe-Cu, Fe-Ni, Pb-Ca) of metallic ions in solution by volumetric and gravimetric methods.
PART II
Analysis of one of the alloys of brass, bronze and solder. Analysis of one of the ores from hematite, chromite, dolomite, monazite, illmenite.
References
A.I. Vogel, A Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, Longman, 1966.
I.M. Koltoff, E.B. Sandell, Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, 3rd Edn., Mc Millian, 1968.
G. Pass, H. Sutcliffe, Practical Inorganic Chemistry, Chapman & Hall, 1974.
N.H. Furman, Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis: Vol. 1, Van Nostrand, 1966.
F.J. Welcher, Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis: Volume 2, R.E. Kreiger Pub., 2006
AN4P05 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL-2
Credit: 3 Contact Lab Hours: 54+54=108
PART I
Standard quantitative analysis of milk, butter, oils, fats, starch, glucose, vitamins and medicinal preparations.
Estimation of the number of acetyl, methoxyl, phenolic, amino, nitro, carboxyl, ester, ether and carbonyl groups in organic compounds.
PART II
Designing of multistep Synthetic Sequences with mechanism and Prediction of FTIR, UV-Visible, 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the substrates and products at each stage
Prediction of the structure of unknown simple organic compound based on the given FTIR, UV-Visible, 1H and 13C NMR spectra. (About 50 compounds have to be practiced).
PART III
Microwave assisted Organic Synthesis.
Preparation Involving Multistep Synthetic Sequences by the Green Alternatives of Chemical Methods.
Questions will have equal weight age for part I and II. Part III non evaluative.
References
A.I. Vogel, A Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman, 1974.
A.I. Vogel, Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman, 1958.
F.G. Mann and B.C Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry, 4th Edn., Pearson Education India, 2009.
J.R. Adams, J.R. Johnson, J.F. Wilcox, Laboratory Experiments in Organic Chemistry, Macmillan, 1979.
AN4P06 INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS PRACTICAL
Credit: 3 Contact Lab Hours: 72+72=144
Section A
Nephelometry
Determination of sulphate.
Determination of halides.
II. Chemical Kinetics
Determination of the rate constant of the hydrolysis of ester by sodium hydroxide.
Determination of Arrhenius parameters.
Kinetics of reaction between K2S2O8 and KI
Influence of ionic strength on the rate constant of the reaction between K2S2O8 and KI
Iodination of acetone in acid medium.
III. Polarimetry
̀㐀⸀ĀᜀĀ Kinetics of the inversion of sucrose in presence of HCl.
̀㐀⸀ĀᜀĀ Determination of the concentration of a sugar solution
̀㐀⸀ĀᜀĀ Determination of the concentration of HCl.
̀㐀⸀ĀᜀĀ Determination of the relative strength of acids.
IV. Refractometry
Identification of pure organic liquids and oils.
Determination of molar refractions of pure liquids.
Determination of concentration of solutions (KCl-water, glycerol-water)
Determination of molar refraction of solids.
Study of complex formation between potassium iodide and mercuric iodide system.
