SEMESTER 4
ELECTIVE COURSES
( Any 3 courses to be opted from the following courses )
CH4E01 ADVANCED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Credit: 4 Contact Lecture Hours: 90
Unit 1: Applications of Group Theory (27Hrs)
Transformation properties of atomic orbitals, hybridization schemes for sigma and pi bonding with examples, Symmetry Adapted Linear Combination of Atomic orbitals in tetrahedral, octahedral and sandwich complexes.
Ligand field theory-splitting of d orbitals in different environments using group theoretical considerations, construction of energy level diagrams, correlation diagrams, method of descending symmetry, formation of symmetry adapted group of ligands, M.O. diagrams, splitting terms for orbitals, energy levels, d-d transition-selection rules, vanishing integrals. Raman spectra of complexes with oxo anions as ligands, IR and Raman spectra using character tables in tetrahedral, octahedral and square planar complexes.
Unit 2: Inorganic Spectroscopic Methods (9 Hrs)
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy: structural elucidation of coordination compounds containing the following molecules/ions as ligands-NH3, H2O, CO, NO, OH−, SO42-, CN−, SCN−, NO2– and X– (X=halogen).
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: EPR of d1 and d9 transition metal ions in cubic and tetragonal ligand fields, evaluation of g values and metal hyperfine coupling constants.
Mössbauer Spectroscopy: applications of Mössbauer spectroscopy in the study of Fe(III) complexes.
Unit 3: Inorganic Photochemistry (9 Hrs)
Excited states, ligand field states, charge-transfer states and Thexi states, phosphorescence and fluorescence. Photochemical reactions-substitution and redox reactions of Cr(III), Ru(II) and Ru(III) complexes. Applications-synthesis and catalysis, chemical actinometry and photochromism. Metal-metal multiple bonds.
Metal complex sensitizers-electron relay, semiconductor supported metal oxide systems, water photolysis, nitrogen fixation and CO2 reduction.
Unit 4: Nanomaterials (18 Hrs)
General introduction to nanomaterials and emergence of nanotechnology, Moore’s law, synthesis and properties of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, synthesis of nanoparticles of gold, silver, rhodium, palladium and platinum, techniques of synthesis-electroplating and electrophoretic deposition, conversion through chemical reactions and lithography. Thin films-chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition techniques,
Diversity in nanosystems: self assembled monolayers on gold-growth process and phase transitions. Gas phase clusters- formation, detection and analysis. Quantum dots- preparation, characterization and applications. Nanoshells-types of systems, characterization and application.
Evolving interfaces of nanotechnology-nanobiology, nanosensors, nanomedicines.
Unit 5: Analytical Methods (18 Hrs)
The basis and procedure of sampling-crushing and grinding, gross sampling. Sampling of solids, liquids, gas, particulate solids, metals and alloys. Preparation of a laboratory sample. Moisture in samples-essential and non essential water, occluded water. Determination of water in samples-direct and indirect methods.
Decompositions and dissolution-reagents for decomposition and dissolution like HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, HClO4 and HF. Microwave decompositions, combustion methods. Uses of fluxes like Na2CO3, Na2O2, KNO3, K2S2O7, NaOH, B2O3 and lithium meta borate.
Elimination of interferences from samples by precipitation, electrolytic precipitation, separation by extraction and ion exchange separation.
Analytical procedures involved in the environmental monitoring of water quality-BOD, COD, DO, nitrite and nitrate, iron, fluoride, soil moisture, salinity, soil colloids, cation and anion exchange capacity. Air pollution monitoring: sampling and collection of air pollutants-SO2, NO2, NH3, O3, and SPM.
Unit 6: Acids and Bases and Non-aqueous Solvents (9 Hrs)
Acid base concept in non aqueous media-HSAB concept, solvent effects, linear free energy relationship-mechanism and methods of determination
Reactions in non-aqueous solvents. Ammonia – solutions of metals in liquid ammonia. Protonic solvents: anhydrous sulfuric acid, hydrogen halides. Aprotic solvents: non-polar solvents, non-ionizable polar solvents, polar solvents undergoing autoionization, liquid halogens, interhalogen compounds, oxy halides, dinitrogen tetroxide, sulphur dioxide
References
F.A. Cotton, Chemical Applications of Group Theory, Wiley-Interscince, 1990.
V. Ramakrishnan, M.S. Gopinathan, Group Theory in Chemistry, Vishal Pub., 1985.
A.S. Kunju, G. Krishnan, Group Theory and its Applications in Chemistry, PHI Learning, 2010
K. Nakamoto, IR and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Complexes, Part A-Theory and Applications in Inorganic Chemistry, 6th Edn., John Wiley & sons, 1997.
R.S. Drago, Physical Methods in Chemistry, Saunders College, 1992.
R.L. Dutta, A. Syamal, Elements of Magnetochemistry, Affiliated East-West Press, New Delhi, 1993.
C.N. Banwell, E.M. McCash, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, 4th Edn., Tata McGraw Hill, 1994.
A. K. Bridson, Inorganic Spectroscopic Methods, Oxford University Press, 1998.
D.M. Roundhill, Photochemistry and Photophysics of Metal Complexes, Plenum Press, 1994.
A.W. Adamson, P.D. Fleischauer, Concepts of Inorganic Photochemistry, Wiley, 1975.
V. Balzani, V. Carassiti, Photochemistry of Coordination Compounds, Academic Press, 1970.
T. Pradeep, Nano: the Essentials, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 2007.
C.N.R. Rao, A. Govindaraj, Nanotubes and Nanowires, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2011.
D.A. Skoog, D.M. West, F.J. Holler, S.R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th Edn., Saunders College Pub., 2007.
J.G. Dick, Analytical chemistry, Mc Graw-Hill, 1973.
S.E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 9th Edn., CRC Press, 2010.
J.E. Huheey, E.A. Keiter, R.A. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th Edn., Harper Collins College Pub., 1993.
H.J. Emeleus, A.G. Sharpe, Modern Aspects of Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edn., ELBS, 1973.
K.F. Purcell, J.C. Kotz, Inorganic Chemistry, Holt-Saunders, 1977.
CH4E02 ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Credit : 4 Contact Lecture Hours: 90
Unit 1: Molecular Recognition and Supramolecular Chemistry (18 Hrs)
Concept of molecular recognition, host-guest complex formation, forces involved in molecular recognition.
Molecular receptors: cyclodextrins, crown ethers, cryptands, spherands, tweezers, carcerands, cyclophanes, calixarenes, carbon nanocapsules.
Importance of molecular recognition in biological systems like DNA and protein. Controlled release phenomena.
Applications of supramolecular complexes in perfumery and medicine. Targeted drug delivery.
Unit 2: Green Alternatives to Organic Synthesis (9 Hrs)
Principles of Green Chemistry: basic concepts, atom economy, twelve principles of Green Chemistry, principles of green organic synthesis.
Green alternatives to Organic Synthesis: coenzyme catalysed reactions, thiamine catalyzed benzoin condensation. Green alternatives of molecular rearrangements: pinacol-pinacolone and benzidine rearrangements. Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Oxidation-reduction reactions. Clay catalysed synthesis. Condensation reactions. Green photochemical reactions.
Green Solvents: ionic liquids, supercritical CO2, fluorous chemistry.
General principles of microwave and ultrasound assisted organic synthesis.
Unit 3: Principles of Nanochemistry (9 Hrs)
Basic principles of Nanochemistry: methods of synthesis of Nanomaterials (basic idea only). Characterisation of Nanomaterials: UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, STM, XRD (principles only).
Applications of nanomaterials in medicine.
Unit 4: Stereoselective Transformations (9 Hrs)
Assymmetric induction-chiral auxiliaries and chiral pool.
Enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation developed by Noyori and Knowels.
Assymetric aldol condensation pioneered by Evans.
Assymmetric Diels-Alder reactions.
Assymmetric epoxidation using Jacobsen’s catalyst.
Unit 5: Chemistry of Natural Products and Biomolecules (18 Hrs)
Basic aspects of structure and classification of carbohydrates, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, plant pigments, lipids, vitamins, amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids. Nomenclature of prostaglandins.
Synthesis of camphor, atropine, papaverine, quinine, cyanin, quercetin, β-carotene, testosterone, PGE2 and PGF2α.
Methods for primary structure determination of peptides, proteins and nucleic acids. Replication of DNA, flow of genetic information, protein biosynthesis, transcription and translation, Genetic code, regulation of gene expression, DNA sequencing. The Human Genome Project. DNA profiling and the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
Unit 6: Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Designing (9 Hrs)
Introduction to Drug design: modeling techniques, receptor proteins, drug-receptor interaction, drug action, drug selectivity, drug metabolism.
Important chemicals used in drug action, anticoagulants and anticoagulant therapy, anti-anginal drugs, antihypertensive agents, antimalarial drugs, aminoquinolines and alkaloids.
Antibiotics: Important penicillins, chloramphenicol, tetracyclins and cephalosporins. Drugs for cancer, AIDS and diabetes.
Unit7: Advances in Polymer Chemistry (9 Hrs)
Conducting polymers, polymers for NLO applications, temperature resistant and flame retardant polymers, polymers for medical applications.
Dendrimers and dendritic polymers: terminology, classification of dendrimers. Methods of synthesis: convergent and divergent approaches. Dendrimers as nanocapsules. Applications of dendrimers. Hyperbranched polymers: definition, synthesis, applications.
Unit 8: Research Methodology of Chemistry (9 Hrs)
The search of knowledge, purpose of research, scientific methods, role of theory, characteristics of research.
Types of research: fundamental, applied, historical and experimental research.
Chemical literature: primary, secondary and tertiary sources of literature. Classical and comprehensive reference. Literature databases: ScienceDirect, SciFinder. Chemical Abstract.
Scientific writing: research reports, thesis, journal articles, books. Types of publications: articles, communications, reviews.
Important scientific and Chemistry Journals. Impact factor.
References
J.M. Lehn, Supramolecular Chemistry: Concepts and Perspectives, VCH, 1995.
F. Vogtle, Supramolecular Chemistry: An Introduction, Wiley, 1993.
W. Carruthers, I.Coldham, Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
J. Clayden, N. Greeves, S. Warren, P. Wothers, Organic Chemistry, Oxford University Press, 2004.
R.O.C. Norman, J.M. Coxon, Principles of Organic Synthesis, Blackie Academic and Professional, 1993.
V.K. Ahluwalia, Green Chemistry, Ane Books, 2009.
J.M. Berg, J.L. Tymoczko, L. Stryer, Biochemistry, 6th Edn., W.H. Freeman, 2010.
A.L. Lehninger, D.L. Nelson, M.M. Cox, Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th Edn., W.H. Freeman, 2008.
V.K. Ahluwalia, M. Chopra, Medicinal Chemistry, Ane Books, 2008.
S.V. Bhat, B.A. Nagasampagi, M. Sivakumar, Chemistry of Natural Products, Narosa, 2005.
T. Pradeep, Nano: the Essentials, Tata McGraw Hill, 2007.
R.L. Dominoswki, Research Methods, Prentice Hall, 1981.
J.W. Best, J.V. Kahn, Research in Education, 10th Edn., Pearson/Allyn&Bacon, 2006.
H.F. Ebel, C. Bliefert, W.E. Russey, The Art of Scientific Writing, Wiley-VCH, 2004.
CH4E03 ADVANCED PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Credit: 4 Contact Lecture Hours: 90
Unit 1: Crystallography (18 Hrs)
Miller indices, point groups (derivation not expected), translational symmetry, glide planes and screw axes, space groups, simple cases like triclinic and monoclinic systems, interplanar spacing and method of determining lattice types, reciprocal lattices, methods of characterizing crystal structure, rotating crystal method, powder X-ray diffraction method, determination of structure of sodium chloride by powder method, comparison of the structures of NaCl and KCl, brief outline of single crystal X-ray diffraction and crystal growth techniques.
Structure factor: atomic scattering factor, coordinate expression for structure factor, structure by Fourier synthesis.
Liquid crystals: mesomorphic state, types, examples and application of liquid crystals. Theories of liquid crystals. Photoconductivity of liquid crystals.
Unit 2: Gaseous State (9 Hrs)
Derivation of Maxwell’s law of distribution of velocities, graphical representation, experimental verification of the law, most probable velocity, derivation of average, RMS and most probable velocities, collision diameter, collision frequency in a single gas and in a mixture of two gases, mean free path, frequency of collision, effusion, the rate of effusion, time dependence of pressure of an effusing gas, the law of corresponding states, transport properties of gases.
Unit 3: Fluorescence Spectroscopy (9 Hrs)
Instrumentation: light source, monochromator, optical filters, photomultiplier tube, polarizers. Fluorescence sensing, mechanism of sensing, sensing techniques based on collisional quenching, energy transfer and electron transfer, examples of pH sensors. Novel fluorephores: long life time metal-ligand complexes.
Unit 4: Electrochemistry and Electromotive Force (27 Hrs)
Conductance measurements, technique at high frequency and high voltage, results of conductance measurements, ionic mobilities, influence of pressure and temperature on conductance of ions, Walden equations, abnormal ionic conductance.
Theories of ions in solution, Drude and Nernst’s electrostriction model and Born’s model, Debye-Huckel theory, Derivation of Debye-Huckel-Onsager equation, validity of DHO equation for aqueous and non aqueous solutions, Debye-Falkenhagen effect, conductance with high potential gradients, activity and activity coefficients in electrolytic solutions, ionic strength, Debye-Huckel limiting law and its various forms, qualitative and quantitative tests of Debye-Huckel limiting equation, deviations from the DHLL. Osmotic coefficient, ion association, fraction of association, dissociation constant, triple ion and conductance minima, equilibria in electrolytes, association constant, solubility product principle, solubility in presence of common ion, instability constant, activity coefficient and solubility measurement, determination of activity coefficient from equilibrium constant measurement.
Electrochemical cells, concentration cells and activity coefficient determination, liquid junction potential, evaluation of thermodynamic properties, the electrode double layer, electrode-electrolyte interface, different models of double layer, theory of multilayer capacity, electrocapillary, Lippmann equation, membrane potential.
Fuel cells, classification based on working temperature, chemistry of fuel cells, H2-O2 fuel cells.
Polarization – electrolytic polarization, dissolution and decomposition potential, concentration polarization, overvoltage, hydrogen and oxygen overvoltage, theories of overvoltage, Tafel equation and its significance, Butler-Volmer equation for simple electron transfer reactions, transfer coefficient, exchange current density, rate constants.
Unit 5: Diffraction Methods and Atomic Spectroscopic Techniques (9 Hrs)
Electron diffraction of gases. Wierl’s equation. Neutron diffraction method. Comparison of X-ray, electron and neutron diffraction methods.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), principle of AAS, absorption of radiant energy by atoms, classification of atomic spectroscopic methods, measurement of atomic absorption, instrumentation.
Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), advantages and disadvantages of AES, origin of spectra, principle and instrumentation.
Flame emission spectroscopy (FES), flames and flame temperature, spectra of metals in flame, instrumentation.
Unit 6: Electroanalytical Techniques (18 Hrs)
Voltametry and polarography: Voltametry-cyclic voltametry, ion selective electrodes, anodic stripping voltametry. Polarography-decomposition potential, residual current, migration current, supporting electrolyte, diffusion current, polarogram, half wave potential, limiting current density, polarograph, explanation of polarographic waves.
The dropping mercury electrode, advantages and limitations of DME, applications of polarography, quantitative analysis- pilot ion procedure, standard addition methods, qualitative analysis-determination of half wave potential of an ion, advantages of polarography.
Amperometric titrations: general principles of amperometry, application of amperometry in the qualitative analysis of anions and cations in solution, instrumentation, titration procedure, merits and demerits of amperometric titrations.
Coulometry: coulometer-Hydrogen Oxygen coulometers, silver coulometer, coulometric analysis with constant current, coulometric tritrations, application of coulometric titrations-neutralization titrations, complex formation titrations, redox titrations. Advantages of coulometry.
References
L.V. Azaroff, Introduction to Solids, Mc Graw Hill, 1984.
D.K. Chakrabarty, Solid State Chemistry, New Age Pub., 2010.
R.J. Silbey, R.A. Alberty, M.G. Bawendi, Physical Chemistry, 4th Edn., Wiley, 2005.
G.M. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, 5th Edn., Tata McGraw Hill, 2007.
A.R. West, Basic Solid State Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
K.J. Laidler, J.H. Meiser, B.C. Sanctuary, Physical Chemistry, 4th Edn., Houghton Mifflin, 2003.
P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, ELBS, 1994.
G.W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, 1983.
B. Valeur, Molecular Fluorescence: Principles and Applications, Wiley-VCH 2002.
J. R. Lakowicz, Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy,3rd Edn., Springer, 2006.
D.L. Andrews, A.A. Demidov, Resonance Energy Transfer, Wiley, 1999.
S. Glasstone, Introduction to Electrochemistry, Biblio Bazar, 2011.
D. R. Crow, Principles and Applications of Electrochemistry, 4th Edn., S. Thornes, 1994.
B.K. Sharma, Electrochemistry, Krisna Prakashan, 1985.
H. Kaur, Spectroscopy, 6th Edn., Pragati Prakashan, 2011.
A.I. Vogel, A Text Book of Quantitative Analysis including Instrumental Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, 1961.
H.H. Willard, J.A .Dean, L.L. Merritt, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Van Nostrand, 1965.
D.A. Skoog, D.M. West, F.J. Holler, S.R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th Edn., Saunders College Pub., 2007.
CH4E04 POLYMER CHEMISTRY
Credit : 4 Contact Lecture Hours: 90
Unit 1: Introduction to Polymer Science (9 Hrs)
History of macromolecular science: monomers, functionality, degree of polymerization, classification of polymers based on origin, structure, backbone, branching, action of heat, ultimate form and use, tacticity and crystalline behaviour.
Primary bonds-molecular forces in polymers: dipole forces, induction forces, dispersion forces and H bond, dependence of physical properties on intermolecular forces. Polymer molecular weight-different averages, polydispersity index, molecular weight distribution curve, polymer fractionation. Methods for molecular weight determination: end group analysis, colligative property measurements, ultracentrifugation, vapour phase osmometry, viscometry, GPC, light scattering method. Monomers and structure of common polymers like PE, PP, PVC, PVAc, PVA, PMMA, PEMA, poly lactic acid, PET, PBT, PS, PTFE, PEI, nylon 6, nylon 66, nylon 612, Kevlar, PEEK, PES, PC, ABS, PAN, PEO, PPO, PEG, SAN, PCL, PLA, PHB, DGEBA, MF, UF, AF, PF, PU, NR, SBR, NBR, PB, butyl rubber, polychloroprene and thiokol rubber.
Unit 2: Fundamentals of Polymerization (18 Hrs)
Addition polymerization, free radical addition polymerization, mechanism and kinetics of vinyl polymerization, kinetics of free radical addition polymerization, effect of temperature, pressure, enthalpies, entropies, free energies and activation energies on polymerization.
Ionic polymerization, common features of two types of ionic polymerization, mechanism and kinetics of cationic polymerization, expressions for overall rate of polymerization and the number average degree of polymerization, mechanism and kinetics of anionic polymerization, expressions for overall rate of polymerization and the average degree of polymerization, living polymers.
Mechanism of coordination polymerization, Ziegler-Natta polymerization, ring opening polymerization, mechanism of polymerization of cyclic amides.
Copolymerization, types of copolymers, the copolymer composition equation, reactivity ratio and copolymer structure-influence of structural effects on monomer reactivity ratios, the Q-e scheme, synthesis of alternating, block and graft copolymers.
Step reaction (condensation) polymerization, Carothers equation, mechanism of step reaction polymerization, kinetics of step reaction polymerization, number distribution and weight distribution functions, polyfunctional step reaction polymerization, prediction of gel point.
Controlled polymerization methods, nitroxide mediated polymerization, Ring Opening polymerization (ROP), Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP), Reversible Addition Fragmentation Termination (RAFT).
Unit 3: Properties of Polymers (18 Hrs)
Structure property relationship in polymers, transitions in polymers, first order and second order transitions in polymers, relationship between Tg and Tm, molecular motion and transitions, Boyer-Beamem rule, factors affecting glass transition temperature.
Rheological properties of polymers, Newtonian fluids, non-Newtonian fluids, pseudoplastic, thixotropy, St. Venant body, dialatant, complex rheological fluids, rheopectic fluids, time dependent fluids, time independent fluids, power law, Weissenberg effect, laminar flow, turbulent flow, die swell, shark skin, viscous flow.
Viscoelastic properties of polymers, viscoelasticity, Hooke’s law, Newton’s equation, viscoelastic models-time temperature equivalence, WLF equation, Boltzmann superposition principle, linear stress – strain relations for other types of deformation-creep, stress relaxation. Temperature dependence of viscosity. Transport in polymers – diffusion, liquid and gas transport, Fick’s law, theories of diffusion.
Unit 4: Stereochemistry and Conformation of Polymers (9 Hrs)
Stereoregular polymers, constitutional isomerism, positional isomerism and branching, optical isomerism, geometric isomerism, substitutional isomerism, configuration of polymer chains, infrared, Raman and NMR characterization, polymer conformation, chain end to end distance, random walks and random flights, self-avoiding walks.
Unit 5: Morphology and Order in Crystalline Polymers (9 Hrs)
Polymer morphology, common polymer morphologies, structural requirements for crystallinity, degree of crystallinity, crystallisability-mechanism of crystallization, polymer single crystals, lamellar structure of polymers, fringed micelle concept, folded chain model, adjacent re-entry model, switchboard model.
Structure of polymers crystallised from melt, spherulitic morphology, mechanism of spherulite formation, theories of crystallisation kinetics, Avrami equation, Hoffman’s nucleation theory, the entropic barrier theory, strain induced morphology, cold drawing, morphology changes during orientation, application of XRD, SEM and DSC in determining the crystallinity of polymers.
Unit 6: Advances in Polymers (9 Hrs)
Specialty polymers, conducting polymers, high temperature polymers, flame resistant polymers, biopolymers and biomaterials, polymers in medicine, polymers for dental applications.
Carbon fibres. Synthesis, characterization and applications of carbon nanofibres.
Unit 7: Dendrimers and Dendritic Polymers (18 Hrs)
Basic concepts and terminology: Dendrons, star shaped and starbust polymers, dendrimer formation and generations, various types of dendrimers.
Synthesis of dendrimers-convergent and divergent approaches, methods and mechanism. Properties of dendrimers-polydispersity, mechanical properties, viscoelastic properties. Determination of physical properties.
Characterisation of dendrimers: GPC, osmosis, TG, DSC, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (proton and carbon-13 NMR), mass spectral studies(MALDI and TOF).
Dendritic macromolecules: hypergrafted and hyperbranched polymers – definition and classification, synthesis-methods and mechanism, characterization, properties, applications.
References
V.R.Gowariker,N.V.Viswanathan,J.Sreedhar,PolymerScience,NewAge International, 2003.
F.W. Billmeyer Jr., Textbook of Polymer Science, 3rd Edn., Wiley-India, 2007.
L. H. Sperling, Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, 4th Edn, John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
J.M.G.Cowie,V.Arrighi,Polymers:ChemistryandPhysicsofModern
Materials, 3rd Edn., CRC Press, 2008.
D.I. Bower, An Introduction to Polymer Physics, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
M. Chanda, Introduction to Polymer Science and Chemistry: A Problem Solving approach, CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2006.
P.J. Flory, Principles of Polymer Chemistry, Cornell University Press, 1983.
J.R. Fried, Polymer Science and Technology, 2nd Edn., Prentice Hall, 2003.
G. Odian, Principles of Polymerization, 4th Edn., John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
K.J. Saunders, Organic Polymer Chemistry, Chapmann & Hall, 1973.
K. Matyjaszewski, T.P. Davis, Handbook of Radical Polymerization, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
H.R. Allock, F. W. Lampe, Contemporary Polymer Chemistry, Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2003.
CH4E05 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Credit: 4 Contact Lecture Hours: 90
Unit 1: Instrumental Methods (36 Hrs)
Electrical and nonelectrical data domains-transducers and sensors, detectors, examples for piezoelectric, pyroelectric, photoelectric, pneumatic and thermal transducers. Criteria for selecting instrumental methods-precision, sensitivity, selectivity, and detection limits.
Signals and noise: sources of noise, S/N ratio, methods of enhancing S/N ratio-hardware and software methods.
Electronics: transistors, FET, MOSFET, ICs, OPAMs. Application of OPAM in amplification and measurement of transducer signals.
UV-Vis spectroscopic instrumentation: types of optical instruments, components of optical instruments-sources, monochromators, detectors. Sample preparations. Instrumental noises. Applications in qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Molecular fluorescence and fluorometers: photoluminiscence and concentration-electron transition in photoluminescence, factors affecting fluorescence, instrumentation details. Fluorometric standards and reagents. Introduction to photoacoustic spectroscopy.
IR spectrometry: instrumentation designs-various types of sources, monochromators, sample cell considerations, different methods of sample preparations, detectors of IR-NDIR instruments. FTIR instruments. Mid IR absorption spectrometry. Determination of path length. Application in qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Raman Spectrometric Instrumentation: sources, sample illumination systems. Application of Raman Spectroscopy in inorganic, organic, biological and quantitative analysis.
NMR Spectrometry-magnets, shim coils, sample spinning, sample probes (1H, 13C, 32P). Principle of MRI.
Unit 2: Sampling (18 hrs)
The basis and procedure of sampling, sampling statistics, sampling and the physical state, crushing and grinding, the gross sampling, size of the gross sample, sampling liquids, gas and solids (metals and alloys), preparation of a laboratory sample, moisture in samples-essential and non essential water, absorbed and occluded water, determination of water (direct and indirect methods).
Decomposition and dissolution, source of error, reagents for decomposition and dissolution like HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, HClO4, HF, microwave decompositions, combustion methods, use of fluxes like Na2CO3, Na2O2, KNO3, NaOH, K2S2O7,
B2O3 and lithium metaborate. Elimination of interference from samples-separation by precipitation, electrolytic precipitation, extraction and ion exchange. Distribution ratio and completeness of multiple extractions. Types of extraction procedures.
Unit 3: Applied Analysis (9 hrs)
Analytical procedures involved in environmental monitoring. Water quality-BOD, COD, DO, nitrite, nitrate, iron, fluoride.
Soil-moisture, salinity, colloids, cation and anion exchange capacity.
Air pollution monitoring sampling, collection of air pollutants-SO2, NO2, NH3, O3 and SPM.
Analysis of metals, alloys and minerals. Analysis of brass and steel. Analysis of limestone. Corrosion analysis.
Unit 4: Capillary Electrophoresis and Capillary Electro Chromatography (9 Hrs)
Capillary electrophoresis-migrationratesand plate heights,instrumentation,
sample introduction, detection(indirect)-fluorescence, absorbance,
electrochemical,mass spectrometric, applications. Capillary gel electrophoresis. Capillary isotachophoresis. Isoelectric focusing.
Capillary electro chromatography-packed columns. Micellar electro kinetic chromatography.
Unit 5: Process instrumentation (9 Hrs)
Automatic and automated systems, flow injection systems, special requirements of process instruments, sampling problems, typical examples of C, H and N analysers.
Unit 6: Aquatic Resources (9 Hrs)
Aquatic resources: renewable and non renewable resources, estimation, primary productivity and factors affecting it, regional variations.
Desalination: principles and applications of desalination-distillation, solar evaporation, freezing, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, ion exchange and hydrate formation methods. Relative advantages and limitations. Scale formation and its prevention in distillation process.
Non-renewable resources: inorganic chemicals from the sea-extraction and recovery of chemicals, salt from solar evaporation.
References
J.M. Mermet, M. Otto, R. Kellner, Analytical Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 2004.
D.A. Skoog, D.M. West, F.J. Holler, S.R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th Edn., Saunders College Pub., 2007.
R.D. Brownn, Introduction to Instrumental Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1958.
H.H. Willard, L.L. Merritt, J.A. Dean, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Van Nostrand, 1974.
G.D. Christian, J.E. O’Reilly, Instrumental Analysis, Allyn & Bacon, 1986.
J.H. Kennedy, Analytical Chemistry: Principles, Saunders College Pub., 1990.
J.G. Dick, Analytical Chemistry, R.E. Krieger Pub., 1978.
E.D. Howe, Fundamentals of Water Desalination, Marcel Dekker, 1974.
H.G. Heitmann, Saline Water Processing, VCH, 1990.
SEMESTERS 3 AND 4
CH4P04 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL-2
Credit: 3 Contact Lab Hours: 54+54 =108
PART I
Estimation of simple binary mixtures (like Cu-Ni, Cu-Zn, Fe-Cr, Fe-Cu, Fe-Ni, Pb-Ca) of metallic ions in solution by volumetric and gravimetric methods.
PART II
Analysis of one of the alloys of brass, bronze and solder. Analysis of one of the ores from hematite, chromite, dolomite, monazite, illmenite.
References
A.I. Vogel, A Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, Longman, 1966.
I.M. Koltoff, E.B. Sandell, Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, 3rd Edn., Mc Millian, 1968.
G. Pass, H. Sutcliffe, Practical Inorganic Chemistry, Chapman & Hall, 1974.
N.H. Furman, Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis: Volume 1, Van Nostrand, 1966.
F.J. Welcher, Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis: Vol. 2, R.E. Kreiger Pub., 2006
CH4P05 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL-2
Credit: 3 Contact Lab Hours: 54+54=108
PART I
Preparation Involving Two step Synthetic Sequences by Chemical Methods
PART II
Enzyme/coenzyme catalyzed reactions
PART III
Preparation Involving Multistep Synthetic Sequences by the Green Alternatives of Chemical Methods
PART IV
Microwave assisted Organic Synthesis
PART V
Prediction of FTIR, UV-Visible, 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the substrates and products at each stage of the products synthesized by the above methods.
References
A.I. Vogel, A Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman,1974.
A.I. Vogel, Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman, 1958.
F.G. Mann and B.C Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry, 4th Edn., Pearson Education India, 2009.
J.R. Adams, J.R. Johnson, J.F. Wilcox, Laboratory Experiments in Organic Chemistry, Macmillan, 1979.
V.K. Ahluwalia, Green Chemistry: Environmentally Benign Reactions, Ane Books, 2009.
Monograph on Green Chemistry Laboratory Experiments, Green Chemistry Task Force Committee, DST, 2009.
CH4P06 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL-2
Credit: 3 Contact Lab Hours: 72+72=144
Chemical Kinetics
Determination of the rate constant of the hydrolysis of ester by sodium hydroxide.
Determination of Arrhenius parameters.
Kinetics of reaction between K2S2O8 and KI
Influence of ionic strength on the rate constant of the reaction between K2S2O8 and KI
Iodination of acetone in acid medium.
II Polarimetry
Kinetics of the inversion of sucrose in presence of HCl.
Determination of the concentration of a sugar solution.
Determination of the concentration of HCl.
Determination of the relative strength of acids.
IIIRefractometry
̀㐀⸀ĀᜀĀ Identification of pure organic liquids and oils.
̀㐀⸀ĀᜀĀ Determination of molar refractions of pure liquids.
̀㐀⸀ĀᜀĀ Determination of concentration of solutions (KCl-water, glycerol-water).
̀㐀⸀ĀᜀĀ Determination of molar refraction of solids.
̀㐀⸀ĀᜀĀ Study of complex formation between potassium iodide and mercuric iodide system.
IV Viscosity
Determination of viscosity of pure liquids.
Verification of Kendall’s equation.
Determination of the composition of binary liquid mixtures (alcohol-water, benzene-nitrobenzene).
Determination of the molecular weight of a polymer (polystyrene in toluene).
Conductivity measurements
Verification of Onsager equation.
Determination of the degree of ionization of weak electrolytes.
