(Semester –VI)

CH6B01-APPLIED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Credits   – 3                                                                                                                   (54 hours)

Aim

The aim of the course is to sensitise the students to the spectrum of applications of chemical methods and materials.

Objectives

To understand

  • the principle of inorganic qualitative analysis
  • thermodynamic concepts in the extraction of
  • metals the applications of radioactivity and
  • radioisotopes the preparation and uses of inorganic
  • polymers preparation and application of
  • nanomaterials
  • the chemistry of refractory and ceramic materials
  • the chemistry of the compounds of p block
  • elements thermal and chromatographic techniques
  1. Principles of Inorganic Qualitative Analysis (3hrs)

Qualitative Analysis – solubility product, principle of elimination of interfering anions, common ion effect, complex formation reactions including spot tests in qualitative analysis, reactions involved in separation and identification of cations and anions in the analysis, semi micro techniques.

References

  1. Vogel’s qualitative inorganic analysis, Svehla, 7th, Pearson Education.
  1. B.R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone Publishers, New Delhi (Chapter 40)
  1. Metallurgy                                                                                                                                                          (9hrs)

Occurrence of metals based on standard electrode potential, methods of concentration of ores, reduction to free metal, electrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy. Refining of metals, electrolytic, ion exchange, zone refining, vapour phase refining and oxidative refining. Thermodynamics of the oxidation of metals to metal oxides – Ellingham diagrams. Extractive metallurgy of U and Ti.

References

  1. B.R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone Publishers, New Delhi (Chapter 10)
  1. S. Prakash, G. D. Tuli, S. K. Basu and R. D. Madan, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry,Volume I, S Chand,( Chapter 20)
  1. A. Cottrel, An introduction to metallurgy, 2nd edn., University press.
  1. Applications of Radioactivity                                                                                                                      (3hrs)

Nuclear reactors – conventional and breeder types. Applications of nuclear fusion. Rock dating, radio carbon dating, activation analysis, study of reaction mechanism (ester hydrolysis) and medical applications of Co60, I131 and Na24. Disposal of nuclear wastes.

Reference

  1. B.R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone Publishers, New Delhi (Chapter 38)
  1. H.J. Arnikar, Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry, New Age International Pub.
  2. H.J. Arnikar, Isotopes in the atomic age, Wiley Eastern(Chapter 12)
  3. R. Gopalan, Elements of Nuclear Chemistry, Vikas Pub. House.
  4. S. Glasstone, Sourcebook on Atomic Energy, East-west Press
  5. M. Sharon, M. Sharon, Nuclear Chemistry, 2009, Ane Books
  1. Inorganic Polymers (6 hrs)

Inorganic polymers–   generalproperties, comparison with organic polymers,

glass transition temperature. Sulphur based polymers – polymeric sulphur nitride and        

chalcogenic glasses (preparation, properties and uses). Phosphorus basedpolymers  –

polyphosphazenes and polyphosphates. Silicon based polymers – silicones and silicone rubber (preparation, properties and uses).

Reference

  1. B.R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone Publishers, New Delhi (Chapter 34)
  1. S. Prakash, G. D. Tuli, S. K. Basu and R. D. Madan, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry,Volume I, S Chand, (Chapter 36)
  1. J.E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, O K Medhi, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th edn., Pearson 2006
  1. Nanomaterials                                                                                                                                         (3hrs)

Nanomaterials – synthesis – chemical precipitation, mechano-chemical method, micro emulsion method, reduction technique, chemical vapour deposition and sol-gel method (brief study). Properties and applications of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes.

References

  1. V.S. Muraleedharan and A. Subramania, Nanosciece and nanotechnology, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 2009
  1. T. Pradeep, Nano; The Essentials, Mc Graw-Hill education, New Delhi,2006.
  1. Industrially important materials (6hrs)

Refractory materials – carbides, nitrides, borides. Graphite and graphite oxide, intercalation compounds of alkali metals, carbon monofluoride, intercalation compounds of graphite with metal halides, glass, silicates, zeolites, ultramarines and ceramics.

References

  1. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter 14)
  1. S. Prakash, G D Tuli, S K Basu and R D madan, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry,Volume I, S Chand,(Chapter 26, 27)
  1. Non aqueous solvents                                                                                                                                           (3hrs)

Classification of solvents, characteristics of solvents, reactions in liquid ammonia, liquid sulphur dioxide and liquid HF (acid base, amphoteric, solvation, oxidation – reduction, complex formation)

References

  1. B.R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter 7)
  1. J.E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, O K Medhi, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th edn., Pearson 2006 ( Chapter 9)
  1. Compounds of p block Elements (9hrs)

Boron hydrides – diborane (preparation, properties and bonding), B5H9, B4H10 (structure only). Closo carboranes, boron nitride, borazine, boric acid. Peroxy acids of sulphur. Oxides and oxy acids of halogens (structure only), superacids, interhalogen compounds, pseudohalogens, electropositive iodine, fluorocarbons. Fluorides, oxides and oxy fluorides of xenon (structure only).

References

  1. J.D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry 5th edn., Blackwell Science, London (Chapter 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 )
  1. B.R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K C Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Milestone Publishers, New Delhi(Chapter 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20)
  1. J.E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, O K Medhi, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th edn., Pearson 2006
  1. D.F. Shriver and P.W. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd edn., Oxford University Press.
  1. M.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the elements 2nd edn, Butterworth.
  1. Analytical Techniques (12 hrs)

Thermo analytical methods: Principle of thermo gravimetry, differential thermal analysis, differential scanning caloimetry. Applications – TGA of calcium oxalate monohydrate, DTA of calcium acetate monohydrate

Chromatography : Column Chromatography – Principle, types of adsorbents, preparation of the column, elution, recovery of substances and applications.

Thin Layer Chromatography – Principle, choice of adsorbent and solvent, Preparation of Chromatoplates, Rf-Values, significance of Rf values.

Paper Chromatography – Principle, Solvents used, Development of Chromatogram, ascending, descending and radial paper chromatography.

Ion –    Exchange Chromatography – Principle – Experimental techniques.

Gas Chromatography – Principle – Experimental techniques – Instrumentation and applications.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) – Principle- Experimental techniques, instrumentation and advantages.

References

  1. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Analysis 6th, Pearson Education.
  1. D.A. Skoog, D. M. West, and S. R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Brooks/Cole Nelson.

Further reading

  1. W.D. Callister Materials Science and Engineering- an introduction, , Wiley(NY).
  1. J.M. Martinez-Duart, R. J. Martin-Palma and F. Agullo- Rueda, Nanotechnology for microelectroics and optoelectronics, Elsevier.
  1. R. Booker and ,E. Boysen, Nanotechnology, Wiley India Pvt Ltd, 2008
  1. M.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the elements 2nd edn, Butterworth.
  1. D.F. Shriver and P.W. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry, , 3rd edn., Oxford University Press.
  1. D.A. Skoog, F. J. Holler, and S. R. Crouch, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Brooks/Cole Nelson.
  1. C.P. Poole Jr and F J Owens, Introduction to nanotechnology, Wiley IndiaPvt Ltd 2009.
  1. K.J. Klabunde, Nanoscale materials in chemistry, John Wiley and Sons.
  2. R. Gopalan, Inorganic Chemistry for Undergraduates, Universities Press
  3. G.L. Meissler, D.A Tarr, Inorganic Chemistry, Pearson Education

Practical CH6 B01 Qualitative Inorganic Analysis

Credit 1          (54 hrs)

1.Elimination of interfering anions such as F,BO2,C2O42-,C4H4O62-,PO43-,

AsO3   3-ASO43- and CrO4      2

  1. Systematic qualitative analysis of mixtures containing two acid and two basic radicals from the following with one interfering radical by semi-micro method only

Ag+, Hg2+, Pb2+,  Cu2+, Bi2+,  Cd2+, As3+, Sn2+,  Sb3+,  Fe2+,  Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+,  Zn2+,

Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+.

CO32 , S2  , SO42 , NO3 , F  , Cl  , Br , BO2  , C2O42-, C4H4O62-, CH3COO, PO43- ,

AsO33-, AsO43- and CrO42

(Minimum of seven mixtures to be analysed)

References

  1. G. Svehla‘Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis’ Pearson Education
  1. V.V. Ramanujam, ‘Inorganic Semi micro Qualitative Analysis’ ,The National Publishing Co., Chennai,

 

CH 6B02 – Chemistry of Natural products and Biomolecules

Credits    – 3                                                                                       (54 hours)

Aim

To give an outline of bio-organic chemistry and chemistry of natural products

Objectives 

To enable the students

  • To learn in detail the chemistry of carbohydrates, heterocyclic compounds, amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids
  • To have a thorough idea on the structures of carbohydrates and some heterocyclic compounds.
  • To understand the structure and functions of enzymes, proteins and nucleic acids.
  • To study the fundamentals of terpenoids, alkaloids, vitamins, lipids and steroids
  • To have an elementary idea of supramolecular chemistry and Green Fluorescent Proteins
  1. 1. Natural products                                                                                                                                         (12Hrs)

Natural Products – Terpenoids – isoprene rule. Structure elucidation of citral and geraniol. Natural rubber –structure, latex collection and treatment –vulcanisation

Alkaloids – general methods of isolation –classification – structure elucidation of conine, piperine and nicotine.

Vitamins – classification- structure (elementary idea) of vitamin A, C and B1.B2 ,B6

Lipids – biological functions – oils and fats – common fatty acids- extraction and refining- hydrogenation – rancidity- identification of oils and fats – saponification value, acid value,iodine value and RM value.

References

  1. I.L. Finar, Organic Chemistry – Volume I & II – Pearson Education(Chapters 8,14,17)
  1. M.K. Jain and S. C. Sharma ‘Modern Organic Chemistry’, 3rd Edition, Visal Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-42,43,40,38)
  1. K.S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi, ‘Organic Chemistry’, 3rd Edition, Vikas Publishing House (Chapter-40,41)
  1. R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, ‘Organic Chemistry’, 6th Edition – Prentice Hall of India. (Chapter-33)

Further reading

  1. S.P. Bhutani, Chemistry of Biomolecules, Ane Books Pvt Ltd
  2. O.P. Agarwal Chemistry of Natural Products – – Goel Publications

2. Carbohydrates                                                                                                                                                  (12 hrs)

Classification – constitution of glucose and fructose. Reactions of glucose and fructose – osazone formation. Mutarotation and its mechanism. Cyclic structure. Pyranose and furanose forms. Determination of ring size. Haworth projection formula, configuration of monosaccharides ,epimerisation, chain lengthening and chain shortening of aldoses. Inter conversion of aldoses and ketoses.

Disaccharides – reactions and structure of sucrose. Ring structure

Structure and properties of starch and cellulose. (elementary idea) .Industrial applications of cellulose.

References

  1. I.L. Finar, Organic Chemistry – Volume I & II -Pearson Education(Chapters 18)
  1. M.K. Jain and S. C. Sharma ‘Modern Organic Chemistry’, 3rd Edition, Visal Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-35)
  1. K.S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi, ‘Organic Chemistry’, 3rd Edition, Vikas Publishing House (Chapter-33)
  1. R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, ‘Organic Chemistry’, 6th Edition – Prentice Hall of India. (Chapter-34,35)

Further reading

  1.  J.F. Robyt, Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Springer
  2.  S.P. Bhutani, Chemistry of Biomolecules, Ane Books Pvt Ltd
  1. Heterocyclic compounds.                                                                                                              (12 Hrs)

Aromaticity of heterocyclic compounds.

Preparation, properties and uses of furan, pyrrole and thiophene.

Synthesis and reactions of pyridine and piperidine – comparative study of basicity of pyrrole, pyridine and piperidine with amines.

Synthesis and reactions of quinoline, isoquinoline and indole with special reference to Skraup. Bischler and Napieralskii and Fisher indole synthesis.

References

  1. I.L.Finar, Organic Chemistry – Volume I & II -Pearson Education(Chapters 30)
  1. M.K.J ain and S. C. Sharma ‘Modern Organic Chemistry’, 3rd Edition, Visal Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-33,34)
  1. K.S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi, ‘Organic Chemistry’, 3rd Edition, Vikas Publishing House (Chapter-29,30)
  1. R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, ‘Organic Chemistry’, 6th Edition – Prentice Hall of India. (Chapter-18)

Further reading

  1. John Mc Murry, ‘Organic Chemistry’ – Vth Edition -Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd
  2. C.N. Pillai ‘OrganicChemistry’ Universities Press.

4.Amino acids and Proteins                                                                                                                    (9 hrs)

Amino acids- classification, Zwitter ion. Peptide- solution phase peptide synthesis. Classification of proteins based on physical and chemical properties and on physiological functions.

Primary secondary and tertiary structure of proteins, helical and sheet structures (elementary treatment only). Denaturation of proteins.

Nucleic acids. Types of nucleic acids -RNA and DNA, polynucleotide chain components – biological functions.

Green Fluorescent Proteins (elementary idea)

References

  1. I.L.Finar, Organic Chemistry – Volume I & II – Pearson Education(Chapter 13,16)
  1. M.K. Jain and S. C. Sharma ‘Modern Organic Chemistry’, 3rd Edition, Visal Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-36,37)
  1. K.S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi, ‘Organic Chemistry’, 3rd Edition, Vikas Publishing House (Chapter-34,35)
  1. R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, ‘Organic Chemistry’, 6th Edition – Prentice Hall of India. (Chapter-36)
  1. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein
  2. www.scholarpedia.org/article/fluorescent_protein
  3. www.conncoll.edu/ccacad/zimmer/GFP-ww/timeline.html
  4. www.gonda.ucla.edu/bri_core/gfp.htm

Further reading

   O.P. Agarwal Chemistry of Natural Products – – Goel Publications

  1. Enzymes                                                                                                                                                        (3 hrs)

Chemical nature and properties of enzymes.

Nomenclature and classification of enzymes.

Mechanism of enzyme action.  Substrate specificity of enzymes.  Enzyme inhibition.

References

  1.  I.L. Finar, Organic Chemistry – Volume I & II -Pearson Education(Chapter 13,)
  1.  M.K. Jain and S. C. Sharma ‘Modern Organic Chemistry’, 3rd Edition, Visal Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-36)
  1.  K.S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi, ‘Organic Chemistry’, 3rd Edition, Vikas Publishing House (Chapter-34)
  1.  R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, ‘Organic Chemistry’, 6th Edition – Prentice Hall of India. (Chapter-36)

Further reading

  1.  John Mc Murry, ‘Organic Chemistry’ – Vth Edition -Thompson Asia Pvt Ltd
  2.  C.N. Pillai ‘OrganicChemistry’ Universities Press
  3. S.P. Bhutani, Chemistry of Biomolecules, Ane Books Pvt Ltd
  1. Steroids                                                                                                                                                                  (3 hrs)

Introduction – Diels hydrocarbon- Structure and functions of cholesterol,

Elementary idea of HDL, LDL, Vitamin D.

References

  1.  I.L.Finar, Organic Chemistry – Volume II -Pearson Education(Chapter 11)
  1.  M.K. Jain and S. C. Sharma ‘Modern Organic Chemistry’, 3rd Edition, Visal Publishing Company Co. (Chapter-39)
  1.  K.S. Tewari and N. K. Vishnoi, ‘Organic Chemistry’, 3rd Edition, Vikas Publishing House (Chapter-41)

Further reading

  1. O.P. Agarwal Chemistry of Natural Products – – Goel Publications
  1. Supramolecular Chemistry                                                                                                                                 (3 Hrs)

Introduction-Molecular recognition-Host-guest interactions- types of non-covalent interactions

 References

Helena Dodzuik, Introduction to supramolecular chemistry Springer(chapter1,2)

Further reading

  1. J.M. Lehn Supramolecular Chemistry,VCH
  2. H. Vogtle Supramolecular Chemistry,Wiley
  3. En. wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramolecular Chemistry

CH6B02: Preparation and Basic Laboratory Skills

Credit 1                                                          (36 hrs)

a. Distillation- Purification of water and ethyl acetate-Record the yield recovery.

b. Chromatography –

  1. TLC – Separation and identification- Determination of Rf value of

o-and p- nitroanilines – benzil and o-nitroaniline ortho and para chloroanilines or any two amino acids

  1. Column Chromatography – purification of o-nitro aniline, m- dinitro benzene, benzene azo –β-naphthol. (non –evaluative)
  1. c. Organic preparations involving.-
  1. Acylation (Benzoylation of aniline, phenol, β -naphthol).
  2. Esterification (benzoic acid).
  3. Iodoform from acetone or ethyl methyl ketone.
  4. Side chain oxidation (benzyl chloride to benzoic acid).
  1. Claisen – Schmidt: Dibenzal acetone from 

benzaldyde.d. Technique of quantitative dilution.

  1. Preparation of100 mL0.2 M H2SO4 from commercial acid
  2. Preparation of250 mL0.025 M thiosulphate from .1 M thiosulphate
  3. Preparation ofsucrose solutions of different concentrations by dilution

(Any such five experiments)

References

  1. F.G. Mann and B. C. Saunders, ‘Practical Organic Chemistry’ Fourth Edition,Pearson Education.
  1. A.I. Vogel, ‘Vogel’s Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry’ Pearson Education.
  1. V.K . Ahluwalia and S. Dhingra ‘Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry’,Universities Press.
  1. A.I. Vogel ‘A Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis’: (Third Ed.) (ELBS)

CH6B03-Equilibrium and Kinetics

Credits    – 3                                                                                       (54 hours)

Aim

To provide an insight into the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of chemical reactions and phase equilibria

Objectives

  • To study the laws of thermodynamics
  • To derive Gibbs-Helmholtz, Clausius-Clapeyron, Gibbs-Duhem equations To derive the relation between Kp, Kc and Kx
  • To derive the phase rule
  • To derive the rate equations for zero, first and second order reactions To study the phase diagrams of one and two component systems
  • To understand the theories of chemical kinetics
  • To get an elementary idea of catalysis including enzyme catalsis.

Thermodynamics

  1. Introduction, definition of thermodynamic terms, intensive and extensive properties, path and state functions, exact and inexact differentials, zeroth law of thermodynamics First law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes, internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, Cp and Cv relation in ideal gas systems, change in thermodynamic properties of an ideal gas during (i) isothermal/adiabatic, reversible/irreversible processes. Joule-Thomson experiment, Joule-Thomson coefficient JT , inversion temperature.
  2. Second law: Limitations of first law – statements of second law, Carnot’s cycle – efficiency of heat engines, Carnot theorem. Entropy – entropy change for various reversible/irreversible processes, spontaneous and non spontaneous processes .Change in entropy of an ideal gas with pressure, volume and temperature. Third law of thermodynamics-statement and significance
  1. Helmholtz energy and Gibbs energy – variation of Gibbs energy with T and P. Criteria for reversible and irreversible processes. Gibbs-Helmholtz equation. Clasius- Clapeyron equation, applications. Partial molar properties – chemical potential, Gibbs-Duhem equation, chemical potential in a system of ideal gases, concept of activity.

Chemical equilibrium: conditions for chemical equilibrium,relation between Kc and Kx – Kp , van’t Hoff reaction isotherm. Temperature dependence of Kp – van’t Hoff equation.

                                                                                                                                                                                                 36 hrs

References

  1. R.P. Rastogi, R. R. Misra, An Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics, 6th edn., Vikas Pub. Pvt. Ltd. (2003 ), chapters 1,2,3,4,5
  1. P. Atkins and J Paula, The elements of Physical chemistry, 7th edn., Oxford University Press, Chapters 2,3,4,5
  1. K.K. Sharma, L. K. Sharma,.A Textbook of Physical Chemistry, 4th edn,Vikas publishing House, Chapters 6,7, 8, 9
  1. B.R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry,, Vishal Pub. Co. Jalandhar, Chapters 9,11,12,13

Further reading

  1. J. Rajaram and J. C. Kuriakose, Thermodynamics, Shoban Lal Nagin Chand & Co (1986).
  1. H. Kuhn and H. D. Fosterling, Principles of Physical chemistry, John Wiley
  2. W.J. Moore, Basic Physical Chemistry, Orient Longman.
  1. D.A. McQuarrie, J. D. Simon, Physical Chemistry – A molecular Approach Viva Books Pvt. Ltd
  1. F.A. Alberty and R. J .Silby, Physical Chemistry, John Wiley
  2. G.M. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, 5th edn., Tata McGraw Hill
  3. G.K. Vemulapalli, Physical Chemistry, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. (1997)
  1. G.W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, 3rd edn., Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, (2004).

Phase equilibria

The phase rule, equilibrium between phases – conditions. One component system – water system, sulphur system. Two component systems – solid-liquid equilibrium – simple eutectic , lead- silver system, formation of compounds with congruent melting point ferric chloride- water system, formation of compounds with incongruent melting point sodium sulphate- water system. Three component systems having one partially miscible pair – acetic acid-water-chloroform system.

                                                                                                                                                                                                      9hr

References

  1. R.P. Rastogi, R. R. Misra, An Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics, 6th edn., Vikas Pub. Pvt. Ltd. (2003), chapter 9
  1. K.L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volumes 3, Macmillan India Ltd.Chapters 3, 5, 6
  1. P. Atkins and J Paula, The elements of Physical chemistry, 7th edn., Oxford University Press, Chapter 8
  1. B.R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry,, Vishal Pub. Co. Jalandhar, Chapter 14

Further reading

  1. W.J. Moore, Basic Physical Chemistry, Orient Longman.
  2. D.A.McQuarrie,J.D.Simon,PhysicalChemistry– A molecular

         Approach    Viva Books Pvt. Ltd

  1. F A Alberty and R J Silby, Physical Chemistry, John Wiley
  2. G.M. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, 5th edn., Tata McGraw Hill
  1. G.K. Vemulapalli, Physical Chemistry, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. (1997)
  1. G.W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, 3rd edn., Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, (2004).
  1. H. Kuhn and H. D. Fosterling, Principles of Physical chemistry, John Wiley

Kinetics

Rate of reaction, rate equation, order and molecularity of reactions, Integrated rate expressions for first and second order reactions. Zero order reactions, pseudoorder reactions, half life.

Theories of chemical kinetics: effect of temperature on the rate of reaction, Arrhenius equation, concept of activation energy Collision theory, transition state theory. Thermodynamic parameters for activation – Eyring equation (no derivation needed), enthalpy and entropy of activation. Theory of unimolecular reactions – Lindemann theory.

Kinetics of complex (composite) reactions: Opposing reactions, consecutive reactions, and parallel (simultaneous) reactions. Chain reactions – steady state treatment, hydrogen bromine reaction.

Catalysis: Homogeneous catalysis, enzyme catalysis – Michaelis-Menten equation (no derivation needed). Heterogeneous catalysis – surface catalysis, uni and bi molecular reactions on surface. Elementary idea about autocatalysis.                                                                                                                                                                     9 hrs

References

  1. B.R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry,, Vishal Pub. Co. Jalandhar, Chapters 7,8
  1. D.A. McQuarrie, J. D. Simon, Physical Chemistry – A molecular Approach Viva Books Pvt. LtdChapters 26, 27
  1. K.L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volumes 4, Macmillan India Ltd, Chapter 6
  1. K K Sharma, L K Sharma,A Textbook of Physical Chemistry, 4th edn,Vikas publishing House, Chapters 17, 18

Further reading

  1. K.J. Laidler, Chemical kinetics 3rd edn, Pearson education 2004.
  1. J Rajaram and J C Kuriakose, Kinetics and mechanisms of chemical transformations, Macmillan, 2006.
  1. W.J. Moore, Basic Physical Chemistry, Orient Longman.
  1. S.H. Marron and J. B. Lando, Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry, Macmillan Ltd. (1996)
  1. F A Alberty and R J Silby, Physical Chemistry, John Wiley
  2. G.M. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, 5th edn., Tata McGraw Hill
  3. G.K. Vemulapalli, Physical Chemistry, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. (1997)
  1. G.W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, 3rd edn., Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, (2004).
  1. H. Kuhn and H. D. Fosterling, Principles of Physical chemistry, John Wiley

CH6 B03 :Physical Chemistry Practicals

Credit 1                                                          (54 hrs)

  1. Critical solution temperature. Phenol-water system
  1. Determination of molecular weight by Rast’s Method (using naphthalene, camphor or biphenyl as solvent and acetanilide, p-dichlorobenzene etc. as solute.)
  1. Kinetics of simple reactions eg. Acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate.
  2. Potentiometric titration – Fe2+ Cr2O72–, I vs. MnO4–,strong acid- strong base, weak acid-strong base.
  1. Data analysis of kinetic experiments using spreadsheet program (determination of rate constant )
  1. Determination of equivalence point of potentiometric and conductometric titrations using spreadsheet program.

References

  1. W.G. Palmer: ‘Experimental physical chemistry’, Cambridge University Press.
  2. J.B. Yadav: Advanced Practical Physical Chemistry Goel Publishing House.
  3. R.C. Das and B. Behra; ‘Experiments in Physical Chemistry’ , Tata McGraw hill.
  1. K.K. Sharma : ‘An Introduction of Practical Chemistry’: Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi

CH6B04-SOLUTION CHEMISTRY

Credits    – 3                                                                                       (54 hours)

Aim: To provide an insight into the characteristics of different types of solutions and electrochemical phenomena

Objectives:

  • To study the behaviour of binary liquid mixtures, CST, azeotropes, colligative properties
  • To study  solubility of gases in liquids,
  • To study ionic equilibria and electrical properties of ions in solution.
  • To study the concepts of acids and bases, pH and buffer solutions
  1. Solutions (12 hrs)

Introduction– Binary liquid solutions – Raoult’s law- ideal and non-ideal solutions-Gmix,   Vmix, and   Smix for ideal solutions. Vapour pressure-composition and boiling point-composition curves of ideal and non-ideal binary liquid solutions. Fractional distillation of binary liquid-liquid solutions – distillation of immiscible liquids, partially miscible liquid-liquid systems. Critical solution temperature (CST) – the lever rule,

introduction to ternary liquid solutions.

Solubility of gases in liquids – Henry’s law. Distribution of a solute between two solvents

– Nernst distribution law. colligative properties of dilute solutions – vapour pressure lowering, Boiling point elevation and freezing point depression (thermodynamic derivation).Molar mass determination-related problems- Osmotic pressure –laws of osmotic pressure – Reverse osmosis – purification of sea water. Abnormal molecular masses – van’ Hoff factor – degree of association and degree of dissociation.

References

  1. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry,, Vishal Pub. Co. Jalandhar, Chapters 15, 24,25
  1. L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volume 4, Macmillan India Ltd, chapter 4

2. Ionic Equilibria ( 12 hours)

Introduction-concepts of acids and bases, relative strength of acid-base pairs, influence of solvents, Classification of acids and bases as hard and soft acids and bases. Pearson’s

HSAB concept, applications,. Dissociation constants – acids, bases, and polyprotic acids. Ostwald’s dilution law. Ionic product of water – pH. Buffer solutions – mechanism of buffer action, Henderson equation. Hydrolysis of salts – hydrolysis constant, degree of hydrolysis, pH of salt solutions .Acid-base indicators, theories, determination of pH by indicators, solubility product principle – applications.

References

  1. K.L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volumes 1, Macmillan India Ltd, chapter 4
  1. B.R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry,, Vishal Pub. Co. Jalandhar, Chapter 16
  1. Electrical Conductance ( 15 Hours)

Introduction- Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, electrochemical equivalent, and chemical equivalent-electrolytic conductivity, molar conductivity – Variation of molar conductivity with concentration. Kohlrausch’s law – applications.

Ionic mobility – relation with ion conductivity, influence of temperature on ion conductivity, ion conductivity and viscosity – Walden’s rule, influence of dielectric constant of solvent on ion conductivity. Abnormal ion conductivity of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions.

Discharge of ions during electrolysis – Hittorf’s theoretical device. Transport Numbers – determination by Hittorf’s method and moving boundary method.

Debye-Hückel theory of strong electrolytes – the concept of ionic atmosphere, Asymmetry and electrophoretic effect, Debye- Hückel-Onsager equation (no derivation).. Activity, mean ionic activity and mean ionic activity coefficients of electrolytes. Ionic strength of a solution, Debye-Hückel limiting law (no derivation). Applications of conductance measurements – Determinations of degree of dissociation of weak electrolytes, ionic product of water, and solubility of sparingly soluble salts, coductometric titrations.

References

  1. L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volume 1, Macmillan India Ltd,chapter 5
  1. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry, Vishal Pub. Co. Jalandhar, Chapter 17

4. Electromotive force                                                                                                                                       (15 Hours)

Introduction – Galvanic cells, characteristics of reversible cells. Reversible electrodes – different types, electrode potential – electrochemical series. Representation of cells – emf of cell. Thermodynamics of reversible cells and reversible electrodes – Determination of G,   H and   S of cell reaction. Emf and equilibrium constant of cell reaction, effect of electrolyte concentration on electrode potential and emf (Nerst equation).

 Concentration cells – electrode concentration cell and electrolyte concentration cells. Types of electrolyte concentration cells – with transference and without transference, liquid junction potential. Fuel cells – the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.

Applications of emf measurements – determination of solubility product, determination of pH using hydrogen electrode, quinhydrone electrode and glass electrode. Potentiometric titrations, oxidation reduction indicators.

Irreversible electrode processes – overvoltage. Corrosion of metals – forms of corrosion, corrosion monitoring and prevention methods.

References

  1. K.L. Kapoor, A Textbook of Physical chemistry, Volumes 3, Macmillan India Ltd, chapter 8
  1. I.N. Levine, Physical Chemistry, Tata Mc Graw Hill, Chapter 14
  1. B.R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Elements of Physical chemistry, Vishal Pub. Co. Jalandhar, Chapter 18

Further reading

  1. F A Alberty and R J Silby, Physical Chemistry, John Wiley
  2. P.W. Atkins,The elements of Physical chemistry, 8th edn, Oxford University Press.
  1. G.W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, 3rd edn., Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, (2004).
  1. D.A. McQuarrie, J. D. Simon, Physical Chemistry – A molecular Approach Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. (2005)
  1. S.H. Marron and J. B. Lando, Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry, Macmillan Ltd. (1996)
  1. G.K. Vemulapalli, Physical Chemistry, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. (1997)
  2. H. Kuhn and H. D. Fosterling, Principles of Physical chemistry, John Wiley
  3. W.J. Moore, Physical chemistry, Orient Longman.

Practical: CH6B05–         Gravimetric Analysis

Credit 1                                                                                                                                                                             (36 hrs)

  1. Estimation of Barium as BaSO4
  2. Estimation of sulphate as BaSO4
  3. Estimation of magnesium as oxinate
  4. Estimation ofiron as Fe2O3
  5. Estimation of Nickel as dimethyl glyoxime complex
  6. Estimation of copper as CuCNS

References

  1. A.I. Vogel ‘A Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis’: (Third Ed.) (ELBS)
  1. J. Bassett, R.C.Denney, G.H. Heffery and J Mendham,. ‘Vogel’s Textbook of quantitative Inorganic Analysis’ (revised), ELBS.

CH6B06: CHOICE BASED COURSES

Credits   – 3                                                                                                                   (54 hours)

(Students may be given the option to choose any one of the following courses)

CH6B06.1 : Nanochemistry and Nanotechnology

Aim: The aim of this course is to provide a basic understanding of nanochemistry and nanotechnology.

Objectives: To study

History,terminology,and scales of nano systems

Synthesis and characterisation of nano systems

Electrical and optical properties of nano systems Applications of nanomaterials

1 History-terminology- scales of nanosystems- nanoparticles : introduction-atoms to molecules-quantum dots-shrinking of bulk materials to quantum dots. Different types of nanoparticles: metal nanoparticles and monolayer substituted nanoparticles- fullerenes: synthesis and characterization- carbon nanotubes: synthesis and characterization- various approaches in nanoparticle synthesis : self-assembled monolayers, monolayer protected metal nanoparticles.                                                                                                                                                    – (12Hrs)

2 Characterization of nanomaterials : Important methods for the characterization of nanomaterials – electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning tunneling electron microscopy (STEM), environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM), scanning probe electron microscopy (SPL), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)-photoelectron spectroscopy (UPES and XPES).                                                                                                                                                                                      – (15 Hrs)

3 Electrical and optical properties of nanomaterials: electrical and optical properties of nanoparticles- electrical and optical properties of carbon nanotubes- nanocatalysis-nanolithography- nanochemical devices- optoelectronic devices- photodetectors- LEDs and lasers.

                                                                                                                                                                                         – (15 Hrs)

4 Applications of nanomaterials: nanocrystals- immunogold labeling- applications in medical diagnosis- nanobased drug delivery- applications in biotechnology-nanosensors- self-assebly, nanosensor based on quantum size effects- nanobiosensors-nanomedicines- destructive applications of nanomaterials- nanomaterials in war.                                                                                                                                                                                           (12 Hrs)

References

  1. T. Pradeep, Nano: The Essentials, Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi (2007).
  1. V.S. Muraleedharan and A. Subramania, Nanosciece and nanotechnology, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 2009
  1. C.N. R. Rao and A.Govindraj, Nanotubes and Nanowires, Royal Society of Chemistry (2005).
  1. J.M. M. Duart, R. J. M. Palma and F.A. Rueda,Nanotechnology and microelectronics and optoelectronics, Elsevier (2002).
  1. R. Booker and ,E. Boysen, Nanotechnology, Wiley India Pvt Ltd, 2008
  2. K.J. Klabunde, Nanoscale materials in chemistry, John Wiley and Sons.
  1. C.P. Poole Jr and F J Owens, Introduction to nanotechnology, Wiley IndiaPvt Ltd 2009.
  1. http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html.
  1. G.L Hornyak, J.Dutta, H.F Tibbals, A.K Rao, Introduction to Nanoscience, CRC Press

CH6B06.2 : Industrial Chemistry

Aim:The aim of this course is to provide an outline of the application of the principles and techniques of chemistry in the manufacture some industrial products.

Objectives

  • To understand the requirements to start an industry – different fuels used and the industrial catalysts used.
  • To know about different petrochemical industries
  • To understand the manufacture of fertilizers and speciality chemicals.
  • To acquire knowledge about oils, soaps, detergents, sugar industry, leather and pesticide industries.
  • To understand the important process of metallurgy, extraction of metals and environmental problems caused by chemical industries.

1 Industrial Requirements

Requirements of an industry – location – water – industrial water treatment – safety measures – pilot plants. Fuels – types of fuels with examples – coal – carbonisation of coal – coal tar distillation – liquid fuels – gaseous fuels – selection of fuels – nuclear fuels. Energy – sources of energy – renewable and non-renewable energies – non conventional energies. Industrial catalysts – Types of catalysts – Functions and applications of Raney Nickel, Pd, CuCrO4, TiO2, Al, V and Pt based catalysts and zeolites. (18 hours)

2 Petrochemical Industries

Crude oil – constitution and distillation – composition of different distillates – pour points, depressants, drag reducers, viscosity reducers, ignition point, flash point, octane number

– cracking – catalysts used in petroleum industries – structure, selectivity and applications. Manufacture of synthetic petrol – Bergius and Fischer Tropsh processes – Manufacture of petrochemicals and petrochemical polymers – Manufacture of higher olefins, Acetaldehyde, Acetic acid, Ethylene glycol, Glycerine, Acetone, Phenol, Carbon disulphide, Vinylacetate, Cumene, Chlorophrene, Butane diols, Xylenes, Linear alkyl benzenes and their sulphonates. (18 hours)
3 Fertilizers and Speciality Chemicals

Manufacture – Properties and industrial uses of solvents – DMF, DMSO, THF and Dioxane. Fertilizers – Raw materials, manufacture (flow chart chemical process with equations) of ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, urea, calcium cyanamide, calcium ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, super phosphate of lime, NPK fertilizers. Manufacture in pure form of the following – Sodium carbonate, Oxalic acid, Potassium dichromate, Perchloric acid. (9 hours)

4 Oils, Soaps and Detergents

Manufacture of Cl2, NaOH and Chlorates of Na and K – manufacture of perchlorate. Oils – difference between oils and fats – manufacture of cotton seed oil and soybean oil – refining of oil -manufacture of soaps – toilet and transparent soaps – Detergents – synthetic detergents – surface active agents and their classification – manufacture of anionic, cationic and non ionic detergents and shampoo.

Sugar industry – manufacture of sugar from cane sugar and beet root. Manufacture of leather – hides – Vegetable and chrome tanning finishing.

Manufacture of DDT, dinitrophenols, BHC, gamaxane, malathion, parathion.   (9 hours)

 References:

  1. Sharma B.K, Industrial chemistry, Goel publishing House, 2003, Meerut.
  2. E,OutlinesofChemicalTechnology,GopalaRao,Eastwest press, NewDelhi.
  1. Shreve R.V., Chemical Process Industries, Tata Mc Graw Hill publishing company, Mumbai.
  1. Steines H.,Introduction to Petrochemicals, Pergaman Press

 CH6B06.3:Polymer Chemistry

Aim: The aim of this course is to provide a basic understanding of classification, preparation, Physical and chemical characteristics and applications of polymers

Objectives

  • To know about the types of polymers and the chemistry of polymerisation.
  • To understand the physical properties of polymers, their reactions and degradation.
  • To acquire knowledge about the polymerisation techniques and polymer processing.
  • To know the chemistry of individual polymers, their preparation and properties
  • To have an idea about the recent advances in polymer science

1 Introduction to Polymers

Importance of polymers: Basic concept- monomers and polymers – definition. Classification of polymers on the basis of microstructures, macrostructures and applications (thermosetting and thermoplastics) .Distinction among plastics, elastomers and fibers. Homo and heteropolymers. Copolymers. Chemistry of polymerization ,Chain polymerisation, Free radical, ionic, coordination, step Polymerisation ,Polyaddition and polycondensation ,miscellaneous ring-opening & group transfer polymerisations. (9Hrs)

2 Physical Properties and Reactions of Polymers

Properties:   Glass    transition    temperature   (Tg)-    Definition-   Factors   affecting   Tg-

relationships between Tg and molecular weight and melting point. Importance       ofTg.

Molecular weight of polymers: Number average, weight average,sedimentation      and viscosity average molecular weights. Molecular weights and degree of polymerisation. Reactions: hydrolysis-hydrogenation– addition – substitutions-cross-linking vulcanisation and cyclisation reactions. Polymer degradation. Basic idea of thermal, photo and oxidative degradations of polymers. (18Hrs)

3 Polymerisation Techniques and Processing

Polymerisation techniques: Bulk, solution, suspension, emulsion, melt condensation and interfacial polycondensation polymerisations. Polymer processing: Calendering – die casting, rotational casting – compression. Injection moulding. (9 Hrs)

4 Chemistry of Commercial Polymers

General methods of preparation, properties and uses of the following Polymers: Teflon, polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene, polystyrene, PAN, polyesters,polycarbonates, polyamides, (Kevlar), polyurethanes, PVC, epoxy resins, rubber-styrene and neoprene rubbers, Phenol – formaldehydes and urea-formaldehyde resins. (9Hrs)

5 Advances in Polymers

Biopolymers – biomaterials. Polymers in medical field. High temperature and fire-resistant polymers. Silicones, Conducting polymers- carbon fibers. (basic idea only).

                                                                                                                                                                                                    (9Hrs)

 References:

  1. Billmeyer F.W., Text book of polymer science, Jr.John Wiley and Sons, 1994.
  1. Gowariker V.R., Viswanathan N.V. and Jayader Sreedhar, Polymer Science, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
  1. Sharma, B.K., Polymer Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut, 1989.
  1. Arora M.G., Singh M. and Yadav M.S., Polymer Chemistry, 2nd Revised edition, Anmol Publications Private Ltd., New Delhi, 1989.

Visit to a polymer processing unit

CH6B06.4:Environmental Chemistry

Aim: To study mainly  the chemical aspects of environmental issues

Objectives:

To study:

  • Environmental management and impact assessment
  • Toxic effects of pollutants
  • Air, water, and soil pollution

1 Environmental management and impact assessment                         (5 hours)

Basic principles, concepts and scope of environmental planning, Conservation of energy

– Renewable and non renewable energy sources-nuclear energy, solar energy, hydrogen, non conventional energy sources. Environmental pollution – concepts and definition. Impact assessment- aim, concepts and methods, Environmental management system – ISO-14001.

2 Chemical toxicology                                                                               (10 hours)

Toxicity -effects, toxic chemicals in the environment, impact of toxic chemicals on enzymes, biochemical effects of As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Co, NOx, SO2 , O3, PAN, CN, pesticides, carcinogenic substances.

3 Air pollution                                                                                            (10 hours)

Primary pollutants, hydrocarbons-photochemical smog, particulates, radioactivity, effects of atmospheric pollution – acid rain, ozone layer depletion. Indoor air pollution. Effect of electric and magnetic fields in the environment . Air pollution accidents – Bhopal and Chernobyl. Air quality standards. Sampling and analysis of pollutants – CO, SO2, H2S, hydrocarbons, SPM. Noise pollution –measurement, classification ,hazards.

4 Water pollution                                                                                     (17 hours)

Types, effects and sources of water pollution. Pollution of fresh water, ground water and ocean. Thermal pollution. Sampling and measurement of water quality – odouar,colour,EC,turbidity,TDS,salinity, COD, BOD, DO, coliform, pH, acidity, CO2, alkalinity, hardness, NO3, NO2, NH3, phosphate, fluoride, chloride, cyanide, sulphide, sulphate and metals- As, Cd, Fe, Pb, Hg,SAR,WQI. Water quality parameters and standard. Case study: Kuttanadu wetland. Waste water treatment techniques.

5 Lithosphere                                                                                             (12 hours)

Composition of soil –  reactions in soil. Wastes and pollutants in soil. . Sampling procedures and analysis of soil- cation exchange capacity, lime status, lime requirement, gypsum requirement, pH, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg. Management of solid waste

References

  1. A.K. De, Environmental Chemistry, New age International (p) ltd.
  2. G.T. Tyler, Living in the Environment, Tomson Brooke/Cole.
  3. N. Manivasakam, Physico-chemical examination of water, sewage and industrial effluents, Pragathi prakashan.
  4. D .Clarson, Soil and water analytical methods, ISBN:81-901483-0-3.
  5. R.K. Khitoliya, Environmental Pollution – Management and Control for sustainable development, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
  6. B.B. Kebbekus and S. Mitra, Enveronmental chemical analysis, Blacke Academic & Professional.
  7. S.S.Dara, A Textbook of Environmental chemistry and pollution control, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
  8. R.A. Malaviya, Environmental Pollution and its control under international law.
  9. Pramod Singh, Environmental pollution management.
  10. G.K. Ghosh, Environmental pollution – A scientific study.
  11. Nelson L. Numerow, Industrial water pollution.
  12. James W. Moore and S.Ramamoorthy, Organic chemicals in natural waters
  13. Hutzinger, Aquatic pollutants.
  14. F. Kreith Handbook of Solid waste management, Mc Graw Hill Inc.
  15. Standard methods for examination of water and waste water, APHA
  16. Peter O’ Neil, Environmental Chemistry, Blackie Academic and Professional, London.
  17. S P Mishra and S N Pandey, Essential Environmental Studies, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
  18. V K Ahluwalia, Environmental Chemistry, Ane Books Pvt Ltd, New Delhi

CH6B06.5:Soil and Agricultural Chemistry

Aim: To study the fundamentals of soil and agricultural chemistry

Objectives:

  • To understand the soil and its formation
  • To know the physical properties of soil and other related aspects
  • To acquire knowledge about chemistry aspects of soil and nitrogen fixing process To understand the chemistry of nutrients that are present in soil
  • To understand the chemistry of pesticides, fungicides and herbicides

1 Origin of Soil

Definition of soil – origin – igneous – metamorphic and sedimentary rocks – rock systems

– weathering of rocks and minerals – main components of soil- organic, inorganic, liquid and gaseous phase – minerals of importance with respect to industries and agriculture – Soil formation – physical, chemical and biological factors responsible for soil formation-soil forming processes – Major soil groups of Kerala- methods of soil survey – remote sensing and soil mapping – soil resource management – use of satellite data for source inventory. (9 Hrs)

2 Physical Properties of Soil

Physical properties of soil – soil texture and textural classification – pore space – bulk density, particle density – soil structure and soil colour – surface area – soil colloids – plasticity, shrinkage – flocculation and deflocculation – soil air, soil temperature, their importance in plant growth – soil reaction – Ion exchange reaction- cation exchange – anion exchange – Buffering capacity – hydrogen ion concentration – determination of pH values – Factors affecting soil pH – Soil pH and nutrient availability – Soil degradation – causes. (9 Hrs)

3 Chemistry Aspects of Soil

Origin of problem soils, their properties- acid, alkali and saline soils – diagnosis – remediation of acid and salt affected soils – Methods of reclamation and after care – Quality of irrigation water – causes for poor quality waters for irrigation, their effects in soils and crops. Soil testing – concept, objectives and basis – soil sampling, collection processing, despatch of soil and water samples. soil organic matter – its decomposition and effect on soil fertility – source of organic matter in soil – maintenance and distribution – soil organism – their role – nitrification – denitrification, nitrogen fixation in soils – biological nitrogen fixation – microbial interrelationship in soil – microbes in pest and disease management – Bio-conversion of agricultural wastes. (9 Hrs)

 4 Plant Nutrients

Plant nutrients – macro and micro nutrients – their role in plant growth – sources- forms of nutrient absorbed by plants – factors affecting nutrient absorption – deficiency symptoms in plants – corrective measures – chemicals used for correcting nutritional deficiencies – nutrient requirement of crops, their availability, fixation and release of nutrients. Fertilizers – classification of NPK fertilizers – sources – natural and synthetic – straight – complex – liquid fertilizers, their properties, use and relative efficiency – micro nutrient fertilizers – mixed fertilizers – principle of fertilizers use – the efficient use of various fertilizers – integrated nutrient management – biofertilizers – rhizobium, azospirillum, azetobacter – Blue green algae and azolla – production and quality control of bio-fertilizers. (18 Hrs)

5 Pesticides, Fungicides and Herbicides

Pesticides: Definition – Classification – organic and inorganic pesticides – mechanism of action – Characteristics – Safe handling of pesticides – impact of pesticides on soil, plants and environment – Acts and Laws concerning the pesticides. Fungicides: definition – classification – mechanism of action – sulfur, copper, mercury compounds, dithanes, dithiocarbamates. Herbicides: definition – classification – mechanism of action – Arsenic and boron compounds – nitro compounds, chloro compounds, triazines, propionic acid derivatives, urea compounds. Acaricides – rodenticides – attractants – repellants – fumigants, defoliants (9 Hrs)

References:

  1. Biswas, T. D. and Mukeherjee, S. K. Textbook of Soil Science, 1987
  2. Daji, A.J. A Textbook of Soil Science, Asia Publishing House, Madras, 1970
  1. Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L. and Beaton, J. D. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers, Macmillian Publishing Company, New York, 1990
  1. Hesse,P.R. A Textbook of Soil Chemical Analysis, John Murray, New York,1971.
  2. Buchel, K.H. Chemistry of Pesticides, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983
  1. Sree Ramula, U. S. Chemistry of Insecticides and Fungicides, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1979

CH6B06.6: Computer Applications in Chemistry

Aim: To provide a basic understanding of computational chemistry

Objectives

  • To understand the use of computational chemistry as applied to modern problems in chemistry.
  • To gain technical proficiency with computational chemistry software and to understand and make predictions about the properties of chemical systems through computation.
  • To understand the role of cheminformatics and bioinformatics
  1. Computational Chemistry (22 Hrs)

Introduction-Scope of computational chemistry-Computational tools-molecular mechanics- abinitio molecular orbital models- semiempirical molecular orbital models- Density Functional theory, -Introductory theory of these models- basis set-Slater and Gaussian functions-split-valence sets-selection of a suitable model for a computational problem

Molecular geometries-geometry optimization- potential energy surfaces, local and global minima, transition states, and Hessian indices-z-matrix of water, ammonia, methane, ethane, butane, ethene, and ethyne.

Constrained geometry optimization-single point energy calculation-conformational analysis of ethane and butane-constructing energy profile diagram,-determining inversion energy barrier of ammonia

Isodesmic and homodesmic reactions-comparing ring strain energy of cycloalkanes Hands on experience on

computational chemistry softwares- Huckel theory (SHMO free software www.chem.ucalgary.ca/SHMO/), Molecular mechanics ( Tinker free software http://dasher.wustl.edu/ ) Semiempircal methods ( Winmopac free software www.psu.ru/science/soft/winmopac/index_e.html ) Abinitio methods (GAMESS free software www.classic.chem.msu.su/gran/gamess/downloads.html)

Programs for chemical structure drawing ( ISISDRAW www.ch.cam.ac.uk/cil/SGTL/MDL/ISISdraw.html, Chemsketch www.acdlabs.com/download/)-

Software for visualization of computational results –molecular structure, molecular orbitals, dipole moments, electrostatic potentials- animations-dynamics- Molekel (free software www.cscs.ch/molekel/) Jmol (free software http://jmol.sourceforge.net/download/)

  1. Cheminformatics                                                                                                                                    ( 16  Hrs)

Introduction to cheminformatics, History and Evolution of cheminformatics, Use of cheminformatics, Prospects of cheminformatics, Molecular Modeling and Structure Elucidation

Nomenclature; Different types of Notations; SMILES Coding; Matrix Representations; Structure of Molfiles and Sdfiles; Libraries and toolkits; Different electronic effects; Reaction classification

Database Concepts, Structured Query Language, Design of Chemical Databases, Data Abstraction; Data Models (Elementary ideas only)

\Prediction of Properties of Compounds; Linear Free Energy Relations; Quantitative Structure-Property Relations; Descriptor Analysis; Structure-Spectra correlations; Prediction of NMR, IR and Mass spectra;

Computer Assisted Structure elucidations; Computer Assisted Synthesis Design, Introduction to drug design; Application of Cheminformatics in Drug Design, Design of combinatorial libraries;

  1. Bioinformatics                                                                                                                                                      ( 16 Hrs)

Bioinformatics Basics- Internet Use and Search Engines- Fundamentals of Internet, WWW, HTML, URLs -Browsers: Netscape/Opera/Explorer Search Engines: Google, PUBMED, NCBI EMBL, GENBANK, Entrez, Unigene, PDB, SwissProt, And TrEMBL Bioinformatics Softwares and their uses (elementary ideas): Clustal V, Clustal W 1.7, RasMol, Oligo, Molscript, Treeview, Alscript, Genetic Analysis Software, Phylip

Introduction to Genes and Proteins- Genome Sequences ORFs, Genes, Intones, Exons, Splice Variants DNA/ RNA Secondary Structure, Triplet Coding Protein Sequences. Alignment of pairs of sequence ,Introduction to sequence analysis, Sequence analysis of biological data , models for sequence analysis and their biological motivation , methods of alignment, Application of dot matrix , Methods of optimal alignment using gap penalty and sore matrices, tools for sequence analysis

Introduction to phylogenetic tree analysis. Using pattern to predict genes, Method of gene prediction , prediction tools, protein structure databases and visualization tools, protein prediction tools, Method of protein prediction for known fold and unknown fold , protein function prediction.

Bioinformatics in pharmaceutical industries, immunology, agriculture, forestry,

Geoinformatics- Legal, ethical and commercial ramifications of bioinformatics, Biosensing

 References

  1. T Clark , Hand book of computational chemistry, Wiley New York.
  1. W J Hehre, A J Shusterman, W W Huang, A laboratory book of computational organic chemistry , Wavefunction Inc.
  1. A R Leach , Molecular Modeling, Longman
  1. D C Young, Computational Chemistry ,A practical guide to applying techniques to real world problems, John wiley
  1. F Jensen , Introduction to computational chemistry , John Wiley
  2. I Levine,Quantum Chemistry
  1. Oprea, T. I. Chemoinformatics in drug discovery. John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, 2005
  1. Andrew Leach, An Introduction to Chemoinformatics

          Johann Gasteiger (Editor), Thomas Engel (Editor) Chemoinformatics: A Textbook Wiley Publications

  1. Varnek, A., Tropsha, A, Eds.; Chemoinformatics Approaches to Virtual Screening; RSC Publishing, Cambridge, England, 2008.
  1. M. Dietel, P. J. Dietel and T. R. Nieto, Internet and World Wide Web- how to program, Pearson Education India.
  1. C. Rastogi, Namita Mendirata, Parag Rastogi ‘’Bioinformatics concepts, skills and application, CBS publisher
  1. Baxevanis and F. Oulette, “Bioinformatics: A practical guide to the analysis of genes and proteins”, Wiley (2002)
  1. Arthur M. Lesk, “Introduction to Bioinformatics” Oxford University( 2002), James Tisdall, Beginning Perl for Bioinformatics”, O’Reilly & Associates., (200I) Learning Perl, 3rd Edition.
  1. A Malcolm Campbell and L.J. Heyer ,Discovering Genomics proteomics and Bioinformatics

 
CH6B06.7: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

Credits:3                                                                                                       Hours:54

Objectives

To understand the common diseases and the cure To know the terms of pharmacology

To understand the mechanism of drug action

To acquire knowledge about chemotherapy and the antibiotics

To understand the drugs used for diabetes, hypertension, cholesterolemia To acquire knowledge about various health promoting drugs

  1. INTRODUCTION

Common diseases – Infective diseases – insect-borne, air-borne and water-borne – hereditary diseases. Terminology – drug, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, anti metabolites. Absorption of drugs – routes of administration of drugs, factors affecting absorption. Assay of drugs – chemical, biological, immunological assays, LD50 and ED50 therapeutic index, drug dosage. (18 Hrs)

  1. DESIGNATION OF DRUGS

Designation of drugs based on physiological action; Definition and two examples with structure each of : Anesthetics-General and local. Analgesics – Narcotic and synthetic. Antipyretics and anti inflammatory agents. Antibiotics – penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclins.

Antivirals. AIDS – symptoms, prevention, treatment. Cancer and neoplastic agents. (9 Hrs)

  1. COMMON BODY AILMENTS

Diabetes – Causes, hyper and hypoglycemic drugs -Psychedelic drugs, hypnotics, sedatives (barbiturates, LSD) – Blood pressure – Systolic & Diastolic Hypertensive drugs – Cardiovascular drugs – anti arrhythmic, antianginals, vasodilators – CNS depressants and stimulants – Lipid profile – HDL, LDL cholesterol, lipid lowering drugs. (9 Hrs)

  1. HEALTH PROMOTING MEDICINES

Nutracenticals-Vitamins A B C D E and K (structure expected) micronutrients such as Na K Ca Cu Zn I -Medicinally important inorganic compounds of Al, P, As, Hg, Fe – Organic Pharmaceutical acids; Agents for kidney function(Aminohippuric acid); Agents for liver function (Sulfobromophthalein); Agents for pituitary function (metyrapone) – Organic pharmaceutical bases – antioxidants, treatment of ulcer and skin diseases. (18 Hrs)

Book for Study:

  1. Jayashree Ghosh, Pharmaceutical chemistry, S.Chand and Company Ltd., 2006, New Delhi.

Books for Reference:

  1. Lakshmi S., Pharmaceutical chemistry, S.Chand & Sons, 1995, New Delhi.
  2. Ashutosh Kar, Medicinal chemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1993, New Delhi.
  1. David William & Thomas Lemke, Foyes principles of medicinal chemistry, 5th editon 2005, BI publishers.
  2. Romas Nogrady, Medicinal chemistry, II Edition 2004, Oxford University.

CH6B06.8: PETROCHEMICALS

Credits : 3                                                                                                                                         Hours:54

1     Petrochemical Industries

Introduction to crude oil, explanatory methods, oil reservoirs, transportation of crude oil, constitution of crude oil, Natural gas

– constituents. Distillation of crude oil, Separation of natural gas – constituents. Distillation of crude oil, Separation of natural gas and

different fractions based on relative volatilities, Compositions of different distillates. Meaning of terms such as – Pour point depressants, drag reducers, viscosity reducers, ignition point, flash point, octane number, doctor solution. Types of hydrocarbon fuels and their characteristics. Detailed discussion of the following operations with respect to process, mechanism, catalysts used and applications; Cracking – catalytic cracking, Hydrocracking, Isomerization, Reforming, Alkylation. Sulphur, hydrogen, petroleum coke and nitrogen compounds from petroleum. General discussion of the following reactions with respect to mechanism and applications – Oxidation, ammoxidation, hydroformylation, hydration.

                                                                                                                                                                30 hours

2    Manufacture of Petrochemicals

Manufacture of the following compounds: Methane, ethylene, acetylene, propylene, C – 4 hydrocarbons, higher olefins. Preparation of the following from methane – methanol, carbon black, hydrogen cyanide, chlorinated methanes, carbon disulphide. Preparation of the following from ethylene – Ethyl chloride, ethanol, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, styrene, vinyl acetate, ethanolamines, vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile. Manufacture of the following from propylene; Isopropanol, cumene, glycerine, acrylonitrile. Manufacture of the following from acetylene: Vinyl chloride, chloroprene, acrylonitrile, acetaldehyde. Manufacture of the following from C – 4 hydrocarbons: Butadiene, isobutene, isobutane, butanediols, oligomers.

                                                                                                                                                            24 hours

References:-

  1. L. Faith, Donald B Keyes, Ronald L Clark, Industrial Chemicals.
  2. Speight G James, Marcel Dekker Inc 1991,The chemistry and technology of Petroleum
  3. Tripathi G.N, Indian Petroleum Directory
  4. K Sharma , Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering ,Spits Petrochemicals-Wiley
  5. ASTMMethods, Indian standards
  6. Sukumar Maiti, IntroductiontoPetrochemicals